<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7880097506101865246</id><updated>2012-01-21T03:07:34.949-08:00</updated><category term='This and That'/><category term='Biomed book'/><category term='Studies'/><category term='What is autism?'/><category term='This'/><category term='Blog Technical Difficulties'/><category term='Recovery'/><category term='Supplements'/><category term='In The News'/><category term='Grants and Other Financial help'/><category term='Bewares and Cautionary Tales'/><category term='Protocols'/><category term='Educational Games'/><category term='XMRV'/><category term='Genetics'/><category term='Zombie Apocalypse'/><category term='Social Skills'/><category term='Life'/><category term='Conferences'/><category term='Diet'/><category term='Immune Dysfunction'/><category term='ADHD'/><category term='Events and Fundraising'/><category term='yeast'/><category term='Prescription therapies'/><category term='Vaccines'/><category term='chelation'/><category term='Heavy Metals'/><category term='How do you know when...?'/><category term='Therapies'/><category term='Viruses'/><category term='LDM-100'/><title type='text'>Gryffin's Tail</title><subtitle type='html'>One mom's take on biomed and autism. Always consult your doctor because I'm not one.</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default?start-index=101&amp;max-results=100'/><author><name>Cheryl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02333902683981665134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_pHPqYkd7IuI/TO1Egb1P4dI/AAAAAAAAADs/Gf88m5TsY7A/S220/me.jpeg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>209</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7880097506101865246.post-2362603694879999953</id><published>2012-01-21T03:07:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2012-01-21T03:07:34.970-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Gryffin's Tail</title><content type='html'>&lt;style type="text/css"&gt;                          h1 a:hover {background-color:#888;color:#fff ! important;}                          div#emailbody table#itemcontentlist tr td div ul {                                         list-style-type:square;                                         padding-left:1em;                         }                                  div#emailbody table#itemcontentlist tr td div blockquote {                                 padding-left:6px;                                 border-left: 6px solid #dadada;                                 margin-left:1em;                         }                                  div#emailbody table#itemcontentlist tr td div li {                                 margin-bottom:1em;                                 margin-left:1em;                         }                           table#itemcontentlist tr td a:link, table#itemcontentlist tr td a:visited, table#itemcontentlist tr td a:active, ul#summarylist li a {                                 color:#000099; 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&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/h1&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td width="1%" /&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/table&gt; &lt;hr style="border:1px solid #ccc;padding:0;margin:0" /&gt; &lt;table id="itemcontentlist"&gt; &lt;tr xmlns=""&gt; &lt;td style="margin-bottom:0;line-height:1.4em;"&gt; &lt;p style="margin:1em 0 3px 0;"&gt; &lt;a name="1" style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,Sans-Serif;font-size:18px;" href="http://gryffinstail.wordpress.com/2012/01/20/baby-dies-after-9-vaccines-in-one-day/"&gt;&amp;raquo; Baby Dies After 9 Vaccines in One Day&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-size:13px;color:#555;margin:9px 0 3px 0;font-family:Georgia,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-Serif;line-height:140%;font-size:13px;"&gt; &lt;span&gt;Posted:&lt;/span&gt; 20 Jan 2012 07:13 PM PST&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div style="margin:0;font-family:Georgia,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-Serif;line-height:140%;font-size:13px;color:#000000;"&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.infowars.com/baby-dies-after-9-vaccines-in-one-day/"&gt;» Baby Dies After 9 Vaccines in One Day Alex Jones&amp;#8217; Infowars: There&amp;#8217;s a war on for your mind!&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Absolutely insane.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br /&gt;  &lt;a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/gryffinstail.wordpress.com/692/"&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/gryffinstail.wordpress.com/692/" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/gryffinstail.wordpress.com/692/"&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/gryffinstail.wordpress.com/692/" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/gryffinstail.wordpress.com/692/"&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/gryffinstail.wordpress.com/692/" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/gryffinstail.wordpress.com/692/"&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/gryffinstail.wordpress.com/692/" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; 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&lt;a name="2" style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,Sans-Serif;font-size:18px;" href="http://gryffinstail.wordpress.com/2012/01/20/fan-freaking-tastic-really-youll-love-this/"&gt;Fan-freaking-tastic. Really, you&amp;rsquo;ll love this.&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-size:13px;color:#555;margin:9px 0 3px 0;font-family:Georgia,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-Serif;line-height:140%;font-size:13px;"&gt; &lt;span&gt;Posted:&lt;/span&gt; 20 Jan 2012 04:54 PM PST&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div style="margin:0;font-family:Georgia,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-Serif;line-height:140%;font-size:13px;color:#000000;"&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/46060802/ns/today-today_health/t/new-autism-definition-may-exclude-many-study-suggests/#.TxoE2GNWpsV"&gt;NYT: New autism definition may exclude many &amp;#8211; TODAY Health &amp;#8211; TODAY.com&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color:#525252;font-family:Georgia, Times, serif;font-size:15px;line-height:24px;background-color:#ffffff;"&gt;"The proposed changes would put an end to the autism epidemic," said Dr. Fred R. Volkmar, director of the Child Study Center at Yale University School of Medicine and an author of the new analysis. "We would nip it in the bud — think of it that way."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Yup. Since we can&amp;#8217;t make those pesky numbers go down as we continue to add those vaccines (hi flu shot to pregnant women, hello Gardasil!), we&amp;#8217;ll just change the criteria and voila! No more ridiculous autism numbers climbing every year! We just knocked it back to 1:5000. Guess there isn&amp;#8217;t an epidemic after all.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Or wait, try this one on:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Well, we don&amp;#8217;t actually want to put any effort into studying things that actually help those with autism so we&amp;#8217;ll just make it harder to diagnose people with it. Those crazy moms and dads out there that actually believe they are recovering their kids, well, they never had autism to begin with. See how that works? They actually had &lt;a href="http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevisions/Pages/proposedrevision.aspx?rid=489"&gt;Social Communication Disorder.&lt;/a&gt; Yeah, we just made that one up for the new DSM, we thought you might like it. *pats themselves on the back* We wanted to make sure we could pull a lot of people out of the autism group and get those numbers down that way, too. Yanno, since we don&amp;#8217;t want to do anything and all. Those of you with Asperger&amp;#8217;s, good luck getting reevaluated and getting that autism diagnosis and for those with PDD/NOS&amp;#8230;you already knew that was the diagnosis stupid doctors gave when they didn&amp;#8217;t want to commit to autism because &amp;#8220;he&amp;#8217;s just a boy, they talk later&amp;#8221; or &amp;#8220;she&amp;#8217;ll catch up with time&amp;#8221; or &amp;#8220;it&amp;#8217;s just a phase&amp;#8221; or &amp;#8220;autism is not a good diagnosis, you don&amp;#8217;t want that &lt;span style="color:#ff0000;"&gt;&lt;del&gt;and it&amp;#8217;ll keep us from having to give you as many services too.&lt;/del&gt;&lt;span style="color:#333333;"&gt;&amp;#8220;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#333333;"&gt; Y&lt;/span&gt;eah, you&amp;#8217;ll never get that autism diagnosis.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;And now we will have a severity scale so we can tell you exactly how impaired you are because you don&amp;#8217;t know any better. So what if you can&amp;#8217;t shower without being prompted or feel hunger? We&amp;#8217;ll make you write notes to yourself and maybe you&amp;#8217;ll remember to read them as they hang on the refrigerator of your, oh wait, we also took away your group home so you don&amp;#8217;t have a refrigerator or walls in a dorm room to hang those notes. Sorry! We have to take your aide away too! I hope your parents are alive and able to take you in. Maybe you have an aunt or uncle? Distant cousin? Because you don&amp;#8217;t get medicare or disability anymore, either.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;See? It&amp;#8217;s not&lt;em&gt; really&lt;/em&gt; an epidemic! Because we just knocked those numbers back down and it&amp;#8217;s all good now. No more autism. &lt;span style="color:#ff0000;"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration:line-through;"&gt;Because changing the criteria made them all go away. Poof.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;And they call us crazy for doing things like giving them a gluten/casein free diet or some other such off the wall wackiness. &lt;em&gt;Good lord, how could they deprive their kids of Wonder Bread?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;How much more, exactly, does the AMA, APA and CDC have to do before people realize we aren&amp;#8217;t that crazy?&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;**Don&amp;#8217;t be surprised in a couple years when Social Communication Disorder is miraculously 1:90 with no services available.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;br /&gt;  &lt;a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/gryffinstail.wordpress.com/690/"&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/gryffinstail.wordpress.com/690/" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/gryffinstail.wordpress.com/690/"&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/gryffinstail.wordpress.com/690/" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; 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color: #2585b2; text-decoration: none !important; text-decoration: none; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;My son’s self&amp;nbsp;portrait&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;span style="color: #888888;"&gt;by &lt;a href="http://gryffinstail.wordpress.com/author/cheryllmurphy/" style="color: #0088cc; color: #2585b2; color: #888 !important; text-decoration: none; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;cheryl&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;                    &lt;/td&gt;                   &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class="post-content" style="margin-top: 1em; max-width: 560px;"&gt;&lt;div style="color: #444444; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0 0 1em 0;"&gt;&lt;img alt="image" border="0" src="http://gryffinstail.files.wordpress.com/2011/11/wpid-img_20111112_093007.jpg" style="display: block; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #444444; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0 0 1em 0;"&gt;In class, Gryffin's assignment was to paint himself as an adult in his desired profession when he grows up.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #444444; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0 0 1em 0;"&gt;As you can see, there's not much to go on here. I had to ask, of course.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #444444; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0 0 1em 0;"&gt;Me: But what do you want to &lt;em&gt;be&lt;/em&gt;?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #444444; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0 0 1em 0;"&gt;Gryffin: A secret agent.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #444444; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0 0 1em 0;"&gt;Sheer genius.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #444444; font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0 0 1em 0;"&gt;&lt;span class="post_sig"&gt;Posted from WordPress for Android. These are not the typos you are looking for...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="clear: both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="meta" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #eee; border-top: 1px solid #eee; color: #999999; color: #999999; font-size: 0.9em; font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 160%; margin-top: 4px; margin-top: 4px; overflow: hidden; padding: 15px 0 15px;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://gryffinstail.wordpress.com/author/cheryllmurphy/" style="color: #0088cc; color: #2585b2; text-decoration: none; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;cheryl&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; | November 12, 2011 at 8:59 pm | Categories: &lt;a href="http://gryffinstail.wordpress.com/?cat=29824019" style="color: #0088cc; color: #2585b2; text-decoration: none; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;My Funny Kids&lt;/a&gt;  | URL: &lt;a href="http://wp.me/p1KiHn-b2" style="color: #0088cc; color: #2585b2; text-decoration: none; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;http://wp.me/p1KiHn-b2&lt;/a&gt;                 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="subscribe-action-links" style="color: #666666; 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-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #453320; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: static; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; z-index: auto;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"&gt;via&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2057388/Low-levels-zinc-linked-autism-children.html" style="color: black; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;Low levels of zinc linked with autism in children | Mail Online&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #453320; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"&gt;Interesting that they say that nothing should be concluded from this. What about concluding that it's worth testing to see if your asd kid has low zinc? Gasp! What an outrageous thought. How very unseemly to be so forward thinking. You should very well let your children run around with low zinc because low zinc is completely unimportant. As a matter of fact, just stop giving all kids a daily multi-vitamin because we don't them. Nutrition means nothing. There's nothing to see here, move along!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #453320; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"&gt;Is it really so hard to just say, well, maybe we should look into this? Why is there such a strong need to discredit anything that might support what the crazy autism moms have been saying for decades? Chew on&lt;em style="font: italic normal normal 1.2em/normal Baskerville, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; letter-spacing: 0.02em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;that&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;question for a while.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #453320; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"&gt;I think I'm going to start a category of all the stupid shit the media/governments/organizations/etc. say and do to try to prove themselves right while doing their damnedest to make us look bad.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #453320; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: static; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; z-index: auto;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"&gt;Hypocrites and idiots. Perfect name for it. Look for it on the right.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div apple-content-edited="true"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7880097506101865246-5351427374599496726?l=gryffins-tail.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/feeds/5351427374599496726/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7880097506101865246&amp;postID=5351427374599496726' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/5351427374599496726'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/5351427374599496726'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/2011/11/low-levels-of-zinc-linked-with-autism.html' title='Low levels of zinc linked with autism in children'/><author><name>Cheryl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02333902683981665134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_pHPqYkd7IuI/TO1Egb1P4dI/AAAAAAAAADs/Gf88m5TsY7A/S220/me.jpeg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7880097506101865246.post-70037789817990542</id><published>2011-10-24T16:06:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-10-25T07:45:21.028-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Took the plunge</title><content type='html'>We've done mostly everything biomed and after 5 years, we have come to a point where life has to improve for everyone in the family.&amp;nbsp;My son doesn't really have hyperactivity issues but has severe focus issues.&amp;nbsp;His ADD has really come in the way of his own confidence and our enjoyment of each others' company. I'm always yelling at him and he's always too distracted to care and it always ends in tears. No fun for him and makes me feel like the worst mommy ever. It's really not pretty.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;He knows he can't concentrate and it hurts him so much. He doesn't understand why he can't think like everyone else and he always feels like a failure. Unbeknownst to me, the first week of school his teacher asked the class to set goals. His goal was not to make good grades, make lots of friends or even be the line leader. His goal was to concentrate better. Talk about a heart-breaker.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;We picked up the Ritalin on Friday. We went to our ped for it since my DAN doesn't generally do stimulants. Our ped started him Ritalin but he likely will not stay on it. It's the oldest and most well known drug and he wanted to start with something they know the best. For the first month, he stays on normal Ritalin (not slow release) because it clears the system fast and if he does have a reaction, we want it out as soon as possible. So for the first week, we just stick with 2x a day of 5mg each. We watch and report back to the doc a week later. Then we'll adjust the dose again and titrate up as we feel necessary to get to the right dose. Once we get there, we'll consider going to long acting and possibly a newer drug that maybe has fewer side effects.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Since we started Saturday, I've noticed that he doesn't sleep very well and has very hard time falling asleep. He already gets 1mg of melatonin at night. I'll be upping his dose to 3 mg and see if that helps. It is a side effect of stimulants.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Today was his first day of school on ritalin and his teacher noticed a huge improvement. She said she knew just by looking at his handwriting that he had started (I hadn't told her but she was aware it would happen).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;I never wanted to go to meds but biomed just never made a difference. I would never recommend someone try meds first before biomed but for those of us that have done our due diligence, I'm all for doing what works. I resisted long enough. I've known enough ADHD people personally that have told me how medication has made all the difference in the world for them. How they finally felt normal. I can't and won't deny my son that chance. I put it off as long as I could because I just never felt comfortable putting him on it so young (especially after a Dr. put him on antidepressants when he was 3 to disastrous effects).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Now he's 8, I'm still not happy about it but I feel like it's really the only thing left for me to do.&amp;nbsp;I might end up regretting the decision but I can't tell you how easy homework was today. He's outside playing right now because he got done with his homework faster than ever and not a single instance of yelling. There was actually quite a bit of humor involved as he came up to me as "Paper Head." He put his homework in front of his face and walked around with it until I checked it. Laughing during homework time with him has always been rare.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;We call it his "thinking medicine" since it's to help him think better. Today I struggled with my NT son and his homework and my ASD son said NT son needed some of his thinking medicine. &amp;nbsp;;)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;So for any of you struggling with the decision after years of biomed, don't beat yourself up if you go there. My son is recovered from autism through biomed. His ADD has only gotten worse. Maybe with this, life will be typical for him and that's really what all of us want.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div apple-content-edited="true"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-836MxcjUul8/TqXvaLEGHhI/AAAAAAAABLY/PJEnk-3MxSs/s1600/smallsignature-776628.tiff"&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5667198939041242642" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-836MxcjUul8/TqXvaLEGHhI/AAAAAAAABLY/PJEnk-3MxSs/s320/smallsignature-776628.tiff" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7880097506101865246-70037789817990542?l=gryffins-tail.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/feeds/70037789817990542/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7880097506101865246&amp;postID=70037789817990542' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/70037789817990542'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/70037789817990542'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/2011/10/took-plunge.html' title='Took the plunge'/><author><name>Cheryl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02333902683981665134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_pHPqYkd7IuI/TO1Egb1P4dI/AAAAAAAAADs/Gf88m5TsY7A/S220/me.jpeg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-836MxcjUul8/TqXvaLEGHhI/AAAAAAAABLY/PJEnk-3MxSs/s72-c/smallsignature-776628.tiff' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7880097506101865246.post-9062649547382925504</id><published>2011-10-17T15:53:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-10-17T15:53:41.735-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Antiviral drugs may slow Alzheimer’s progression (The University of Manchester)</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://www.manchester.ac.uk/aboutus/news/display/?id=7543"&gt;Antiviral drugs may slow Alzheimer’s progression (The University of Manchester)&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a style="font-size:13px" href="https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/pengoopmcjnbflcjbmoeodbmoflcgjlk"&gt;'via Blog this'&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img class="centered" alt="post signature" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-VVAZQbZvHx4/TeqebHYGa0I/AAAAAAAAAHo/ZwNKiX3N6LI/s128/skullsignatureB%252526Wsepiahandcolored.png" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7880097506101865246-9062649547382925504?l=gryffins-tail.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='related' href='http://www.manchester.ac.uk/aboutus/news/display/?id=7543' title='Antiviral drugs may slow Alzheimer’s progression (The University of Manchester)'/><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/feeds/9062649547382925504/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7880097506101865246&amp;postID=9062649547382925504' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/9062649547382925504'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/9062649547382925504'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/2011/10/antiviral-drugs-may-slow-alzheimers.html' title='Antiviral drugs may slow Alzheimer’s progression (The University of Manchester)'/><author><name>Cheryl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02333902683981665134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_pHPqYkd7IuI/TO1Egb1P4dI/AAAAAAAAADs/Gf88m5TsY7A/S220/me.jpeg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-VVAZQbZvHx4/TeqebHYGa0I/AAAAAAAAAHo/ZwNKiX3N6LI/s72-c/skullsignatureB%252526Wsepiahandcolored.png' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7880097506101865246.post-898992633386825098</id><published>2011-09-24T07:11:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-09-24T07:11:19.777-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Scientists fear MMR link to autism | Mail Online</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-388051/Scientists-fear-MMR-link-autism.html"&gt;Scientists fear MMR link to autism | Mail Online&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a style="font-size:13px" href="https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/pengoopmcjnbflcjbmoeodbmoflcgjlk"&gt;'via Blog this'&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7880097506101865246-898992633386825098?l=gryffins-tail.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='related' href='http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-388051/Scientists-fear-MMR-link-autism.html' title='Scientists fear MMR link to autism | Mail Online'/><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/feeds/898992633386825098/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7880097506101865246&amp;postID=898992633386825098' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/898992633386825098'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/898992633386825098'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/2011/09/scientists-fear-mmr-link-to-autism-mail.html' title='Scientists fear MMR link to autism | Mail Online'/><author><name>Cheryl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02333902683981665134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_pHPqYkd7IuI/TO1Egb1P4dI/AAAAAAAAADs/Gf88m5TsY7A/S220/me.jpeg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7880097506101865246.post-213260128295777799</id><published>2011-09-19T09:18:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-09-19T10:01:02.456-07:00</updated><title type='text'>All the tests that folks talk about</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://gryffinstail.wordpress.com/2011/09/19/all-the-tests-that-folks-talk-about/"&gt;All the tests that folks talk about « Gryffin's Tail&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;This was from a conversation on a list.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #339966; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;Great answer Cheryl. Do you have a blog entry on this? Would be a nice addition if not.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;(redacted)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;On daily basis, there are many tests are talked about on this mailing list and since I am a beginner with all biomed, everything sounds to me like alien. I find all this information super overwhelming and takes time to digest everything.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;So here goes my questions -&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;- All the tests that anyone talks about, are they all suggested and ordered but you (DAN!) doctor?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;Any MD/DO can order any of the labs. Some you can order yourself&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"&gt;- Do you need special lab to do these tests or regular labs do these&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;tests?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;I rarely use a specialty lab. Great Plains and Doctors Data take insurance, though. I think of the specialty labs, the most important one is the CSA and OAT. Not all of the information is reliable but it's defnitely helpful.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;- How often these tests are covered by the insurance? (of course, it depends on the insurance but if you have a 'good' insurance, like we have Oxford)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;The only test that I've found not to be covered is food allergy testing. IgG testing just isn't mainstream enough. But only if the lab you see takes your insurance. I do believe you can self submit to your insurance if the lab doesn't take it but it will be at a lower rate.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;Other labs, like the non-specialty labs are usually all covered by your plan but definitely still depends on how good your coverage is.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"&gt;- Is there any comprehensive list of tests somewhere up on the net those can be performed for testing and treating our kids with the explanation i.e. what this test is for and what the result means? So that I can read up on that before I approach any doctor.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;Oi. That's a lot of possible tests. But the ones to start with would be a **CSA (comp. stool analysis) and **OAT (organic acid test). **Food allergy (or you could do a food journal instead... but if you don't, Alletess has one for $89 that you can have your doc sign off on if willing.) --these 3 are not, imo, something you need to do often.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;But a good place to start for a newbie to get some baselines.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;viral titers: HHV1-6, any vaccine titers you want,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;AntiDnase and ASO titers (PANDAS),&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;Ig and all subclasses,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;CBC + CMP,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;T&amp;amp;B lymph/NK cells,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;homocysteine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;Things to consider at some point:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;**Urine Amino Acid (specialty lab - I don't think it's that important but if you have proten issues, could be better than nothing.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;thyroid&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;cortisol&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;other hormones (pregnenelone, progesterone, testosterone, IGF-1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;Vitamin D (bet you money you're low! ;) )&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;other vitamins and minerals (ferritin, zinc, copper, etc)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;**hair metals test through GPL/DDI(or Labbio urinary porphyrins if you prefer to consider IV chelation - we do AC so hair test only - and not expensive if not covered by insurance)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;**Yasko genetics test ($500/one time deal specialty lab not covered by insurance and nothing comparable in regular labs but I do believe you can get *some* of the genes through a regular lab. I think Toni might be able to tell you which ones. These are all metabolic genes.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;Toxoplasmosis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;Mycoplasma&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;Lyme - you can get the Western Blot through a local lab but it's not as sensitive as a specialty lab (**Igenex) which is not covered by insurance. What makes this specialty lab special is that it actually gives you parasite information for all of them and more band information. Western blot I believe only test for borrelia and the other major one that I can't think of right now. The lyme parents can give better info on it than I can. It's expensive, I think it's $1800.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;I marked all the specialty lab tests with a ** and really, they aren't that many and not stuff you need to do all at once or too soon. You could easily break them up if you choose to do them.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;As for how to read them...that's steak, not popcorn&lt;span style="color: magenta;"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;. The specialty labs will have explanations and nice little KISS charts that tell you exactly what's going on with an explanation attached. They aren't fully explained well but it's a start.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;The regular labs, well...it's hard to tell a mainstream doctor that most people are low in vitamin D to even get one to test it (which I find funny that they say most people are *not* low in it but will never test anyone to know that!) And GPs tend to not understand half of the labs that cross them anyway. Any mainstream endocrinologist will tell you that the lab reference ranges for thyroid are too wide and where most GPs tell you it's fine because it's in range, an endocrinologist will tell you that you need thyroid. Soooo, how to read them is a loaded question. High viral titers a mainstream doctor will tell you that it just means you've been exposed. They don't take anything else into consideration. It's an impossible question to answer, unfortunately.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;*For an explanation, click &lt;a href="http://blog.patrickrothfuss.com/2011/02/machine-gun-qa-4/comment-page-2/"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. I shamelessly stole it from Patrick Rothfuss. He rocks. Buy his &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/search/ref=sr_tc_2_0?rh=i%3Astripbooks%2Ck%3APatrick+Rothfuss&amp;amp;keywords=Patrick+Rothfuss&amp;amp;ie=UTF8&amp;amp;qid=1316448590&amp;amp;sr=8-2-ent&amp;amp;field-contributor_id=B001DAHXZQ"&gt;books&lt;/a&gt;, they also rock.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7880097506101865246-213260128295777799?l=gryffins-tail.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='related' href='http://gryffinstail.wordpress.com/2011/09/19/all-the-tests-that-folks-talk-about/' title='All the tests that folks talk about'/><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/feeds/213260128295777799/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7880097506101865246&amp;postID=213260128295777799' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/213260128295777799'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/213260128295777799'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/2011/09/all-tests-that-folks-talk-about.html' title='All the tests that folks talk about'/><author><name>Cheryl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02333902683981665134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_pHPqYkd7IuI/TO1Egb1P4dI/AAAAAAAAADs/Gf88m5TsY7A/S220/me.jpeg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7880097506101865246.post-539551140015098608</id><published>2011-09-19T08:44:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-09-19T08:44:24.242-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Children with autism and gastrointestinal symptoms have altered digestive genes</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/09/110917082721.htm"&gt;Children with autism and gastrointestinal symptoms have altered digestive genes&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a style="font-size:13px" href="https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/pengoopmcjnbflcjbmoeodbmoflcgjlk"&gt;'via Blog this'&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7880097506101865246-539551140015098608?l=gryffins-tail.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='related' href='http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/09/110917082721.htm' title='Children with autism and gastrointestinal symptoms have altered digestive genes'/><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/feeds/539551140015098608/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7880097506101865246&amp;postID=539551140015098608' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/539551140015098608'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/539551140015098608'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/2011/09/children-with-autism-and.html' title='Children with autism and gastrointestinal symptoms have altered digestive genes'/><author><name>Cheryl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02333902683981665134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_pHPqYkd7IuI/TO1Egb1P4dI/AAAAAAAAADs/Gf88m5TsY7A/S220/me.jpeg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7880097506101865246.post-5667303892212173492</id><published>2011-09-15T11:53:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-09-15T11:53:51.524-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Vaccination's vexed link to autism</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;Nice, calm article from someone that doesn't have a vested interest.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.theage.com.au/lifestyle/life/vaccinations-vexed-link-to-autism-20110914-1k8nm.html"&gt;Vaccination's vexed link to autism&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a style="font-size:13px" href="https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/pengoopmcjnbflcjbmoeodbmoflcgjlk"&gt;'via Blog this'&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7880097506101865246-5667303892212173492?l=gryffins-tail.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='related' href='http://www.theage.com.au/lifestyle/life/vaccinations-vexed-link-to-autism-20110914-1k8nm.html' title='Vaccination&apos;s vexed link to autism'/><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/feeds/5667303892212173492/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7880097506101865246&amp;postID=5667303892212173492' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/5667303892212173492'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/5667303892212173492'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/2011/09/vaccinations-vexed-link-to-autism.html' title='Vaccination&apos;s vexed link to autism'/><author><name>Cheryl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02333902683981665134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_pHPqYkd7IuI/TO1Egb1P4dI/AAAAAAAAADs/Gf88m5TsY7A/S220/me.jpeg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7880097506101865246.post-5618554607366579132</id><published>2011-09-09T12:29:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-09-09T12:29:38.314-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Yay, UC DAVIS MIND Institute! I &lt;3 you.</title><content type='html'>&lt;meta charset="utf-8"&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; "&gt;Of course, this is not news to us biomed families but if just one thing could bring us some vindication for being called whack jobs, HERE IT IS.&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;This&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;is where we need to be looking to see why biomed helps some and not others.&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;This&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;is where we need to be looking to figure out where to start with our kids, who should start where in biomed and how it should be done. This is where we start looking to come up with an actual diagnostic effort and acceptable protocols for mainstream acceptance.&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;This&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;is where we stop guessing and start proving.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; "&gt;Does anyone else find it telling that it's an article from Australia and not the US?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; "&gt;&lt;strong&gt;US researchers' discovery promises answers on autism&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; "&gt;&lt;strong&gt;RESEARCHERS have for the first time identified two biologically different strains of autism in a major breakthrough being compared with the discovery of different forms of cancer in the 1960s.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; "&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Read the full article&lt;a href="http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/health-science/us-researchers-discovery-promises-answers-on-autism/story-e6frg8y6-1226131763200" data-mce-href="http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/health-science/us-researchers-discovery-promises-answers-on-autism/story-e6frg8y6-1226131763200"&gt;&amp;nbsp;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; "&gt;After you read the article, come back and tell me in the comments what kind of autism you suspect/know your child has.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; "&gt;My son has immune and hormone dysfunction. It's likely the hormone dysfunction is a result of the immune dysfunction but hey, that might be digging a bit too deep for the uninitiated. Let's keep it simple for now.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; "&gt;What about you?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;img height="72" width="108" id="dfb41903-15bd-4da7-a4f3-ad61bbd4518c" apple-width="yes" apple-height="yes" src="cid:6695E28E-BF55-4C4A-B54D-FBCAC814A9E6@socal.rr.com"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;   &lt;br&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7880097506101865246-5618554607366579132?l=gryffins-tail.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/feeds/5618554607366579132/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7880097506101865246&amp;postID=5618554607366579132' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/5618554607366579132'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/5618554607366579132'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/2011/09/yay-uc-davis-mind-institute-i-you.html' title='Yay, UC DAVIS MIND Institute! I &amp;lt;3 you.'/><author><name>Cheryl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02333902683981665134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_pHPqYkd7IuI/TO1Egb1P4dI/AAAAAAAAADs/Gf88m5TsY7A/S220/me.jpeg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7880097506101865246.post-5227127614889557345</id><published>2011-08-18T22:32:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-08-20T12:57:52.710-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Should we even try to recover our kids?</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;I know, I promised a post on recovery and what it means but I got sidetracked and offer you this instead, which is sorta-kinda the same thing. But not. I still plan to post one on recovery, though. Pinky promise.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;In response to Jim C. Hines'&amp;nbsp;&lt;a data-mce-href="http://www.jimchines.com/2011/08/the-speed-of-dark/" href="http://www.jimchines.com/2011/08/the-speed-of-dark/"&gt;review of The Speed of Dark&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;I'm posting this here because what I have to say really isn't appropriate for his blog comments. I also thought that maybe some of my readers have read the book and might have something to add and would want to go to his blog to comment. I haven't actually read the book so this is really in response to the question he poses:should we "cure" those with autism? There was a little more to it, and I'm not even going to touch the high vs. low functioning topic today, but that's the basic question.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;As someone that has a son that is mostly recovered from autism, it's not something that I can understand as being something that changes one's life to the degree that this kind of moral question asks. The book may be showing a "cure" in a different angle than real life, but in reality, there is already help. Not enough help, but some.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;In real life, recovery is not a cure because autism is not a mental disorder that needs curing (something the NDers and biomed parents can all agree upon, but that's as far as the agreement goes). It's a bunch of biological inconsistencies and malfunctions that end up creating neurological symptoms. In some people, these symptoms can't be corrected because the underlying condition can't be corrected or found. I would venture to add that it's not for lack of trying. Each child is unique in their issues. There are no two children with autism that present exactly the same way. But with thousands of kids recovering from autism every year, it's hard to imagine that western medicine is right. A lot of people can be helped, and without the use of antipsychotics or antidepressants.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;The real question is: what's really going on with our kids? Why does the diet work for some and not for others? Why is it that treatments for other chronic illnesses, like CFS or Lyme or any of the other many things biomed parents and practitioners generally discuss, work on our kids, too? Has anyone ever noticed that even some people with depression seem to recover through biomed? Why has no one in traditional western medicine noticed the pattern? Or maybe they have and just refuse to acknowledge or explore it? Okay, so that's way more than one question. You get my drift.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;Not all kids can be treated the same. What works for one doesn't necessarily work for another. It boils down to this: different biological issues for different children (and adults). But they all produce neurological symptoms.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;Is it fair to expect that a child that has nothing but diarrhea doesn't have something wrong with his/her bowels? They call it "normal" in autism instead of asking why. Prevacid is what you get. This is only one of may examples of what plagues these children. Sensitivity to sound. Why is it that when you treat a child for PANDAS, this sensitivity goes away? The OCD goes away? Why is it that when another child is treated for lyme, that child becomes completely and totally recovered?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;Because there are really still very few cases of autism. It's still as rare as it's ever been, if it's ever been at all.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;Recovery doesn't change who a person is. It gives them the chance to live life the way they want. Being able to not live life with an aching stomach doesn't change the core of a person. It just means their stomach doesn't hurt. Which in the case of developing children, many times means they can sleep better, eat better and focus better. Which amazingly enough, means they function better. Whoda thunk?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;So is the question really about changing the core of a person with autism or is it about healing the medical problems they have? A person who thinks in pictures is still going to think in pictures. Having a healthy body isn't going to change that. A savant isn't going to suddenly stop being a savant because their vitamin deficiency was treated and they stopped scripting Thomas the Tank Engine.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;My son went from moderate/severe autism to pretty much typical (I always say "pretty much" or "mostly" because he still has raging ADD - we're working on it) and not once did it change him as a person - except when I gave him antidepressants but that's another post. He is still the same lovable, caring and funny little boy he always has been. He's thrived and become so much more. And he's able to tell me exactly how what few issues he has left bothers him and makes him hate himself and frustrates him. I'm not going to lay down and allow him to grow up hating himself and then deciding he has to accept that this is him and he doesn't need to change, all the while silently hating every minute of his life - nor will I let someone else convince him of that.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;No matter what, he'll be happy with who he is and I'll encourage him and love him and teach him to love himself, but that doesn't mean I won't strive to help him become who he wants to become.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;There's a reason why autistic adults have a high suicide rate. If it's hard for neurotypical people to watch and be around, if it's hard for a mother to watch her son struggle, it's 100 times harder to be the autistic person. Everyone wants to be happy and comfortable with who they are, including those with ASD.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;Now, this whole argument is probably geared more toward the management of symptoms with antipsychotics, antidepressants and the like and I've kind of hijacked it for biomed. But that's what happens when the argument is so vague. Could mean traditional medicine, could mean biomed. I dunno. And maybe those drugs do change a person. Like I said earlier, when I gave my son antidepressants, they definitely changed him. He was, quite literally, psychotic. At best, they are only meant to manage symptoms, and they do a very poor job of it. Still, some people do very well on them. I can't argue with that.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;But the recovery I'm talking about, the recovery us "crazy moms" are talking about, doesn't change a person. It doesn't change the way a person thinks or views life.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"&gt;Wait. I'm wrong. It does change people. It makes them feel normal. Or maybe a better way to say it is not that they feel normal, for what is normal anyway, but that they no longer feel abnormal. It takes away the pain they aren't supposed to have. Being in pain (physically or emotionally) doesn't make a person special or unique. It just makes them in pain. To go through life needing to bang your head against a wall long after the bleeding started, is that really something you want to keep?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7880097506101865246-5227127614889557345?l=gryffins-tail.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/feeds/5227127614889557345/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7880097506101865246&amp;postID=5227127614889557345' title='3 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/5227127614889557345'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/5227127614889557345'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/2011/08/should-we-even-try-to-recover-our-kids.html' title='Should we even try to recover our kids?'/><author><name>Cheryl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02333902683981665134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_pHPqYkd7IuI/TO1Egb1P4dI/AAAAAAAAADs/Gf88m5TsY7A/S220/me.jpeg'/></author><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7880097506101865246.post-3000472004143497728</id><published>2011-08-05T10:47:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-08-05T10:47:58.066-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Packing up and moving</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;[category This and That}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;[tag This and That]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;[publicize off]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;I've decided to take the plunge and move my blog to Wordpress. Eventually I will be setting up an actual website with my very own domain name that will house my blog and Wordpress is just better for that. And I still get complaints of how blogger is working out. Or rather, not working out, for readers.&lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;What does this mean for you, dear reader? Not much. You can continue to stay right where you are if you are happy with your subscription just the way it is. I will continue to mirror the feed on Blogger because I'm just sweet like that. I don't want to disrupt anyone's happy feeling and it isn't any skin off my back to continue mirroring here. But you may have to deal with seeing&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://adamwwarner.com/tutorials/what-are-shortcodes-in-wordpress-and-what-do-they-provide"&gt;shortcodes&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;at the beginning of every post. In order to mirror, I have to email all my posts. I haven't managed to figure out any other way to do it after extensive googling.&amp;nbsp;(I wonder if I can put them at the end? I'll have to try a test of that.)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;But for those that are unhappy with Blogger or are irritated by the way the page doesn't seem to load correctly for so many of you, there is an alternative. You can now also find Gryffin's Tail&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://gryffinstail.wordpress.com/"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. I can't make it as feature rich because I'm not&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://en.support.wordpress.com/com-vs-org/"&gt;self-hosting&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;it yet but maybe someday.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This is actually my first test run on seeing how well emailing all my posts work out. Wish me luck! If all goes well, I shall continue on to focusing on plain old blogging and will get the recovery post up as soon as I can.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;span&gt;&lt;img height="144" width="216" id="087e6908-aa2a-4d44-ba72-56088244462b" apple-width="yes" apple-height="yes" src="cid:3E23074C-A447-477E-B841-27CB510B5C01@socal.rr.com"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7880097506101865246-3000472004143497728?l=gryffins-tail.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/feeds/3000472004143497728/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7880097506101865246&amp;postID=3000472004143497728' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/3000472004143497728'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/3000472004143497728'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/2011/08/packing-up-and-moving.html' title='Packing up and moving'/><author><name>Cheryl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02333902683981665134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_pHPqYkd7IuI/TO1Egb1P4dI/AAAAAAAAADs/Gf88m5TsY7A/S220/me.jpeg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7880097506101865246.post-6600176256122304753</id><published>2011-07-29T10:38:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-07-29T10:40:10.351-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='This and That'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Recovery'/><title type='text'>Summer reflections</title><content type='html'>As the summer break comes to an end, I find myself reflecting on how it went.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It's definitely been enlightening. My mostly recovered son didn't behave so mostly recovered while I was on vacation. As a matter of fact, he definitely had me worried for a second that I had accepted recovery as a fact a bit too soon.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Then I remembered.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Oh yeah.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I tried to stop the Valtrex again. Epic fail.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If anyone has ever had any doubt that autism is a poorly functioning biological system, all they'd have to do is take my son for a week or two and stop giving him antivirals. The difference is that big. Even in recovery he still has major ADHD issues. Having to deal with both the ADHD and autism can just be exhausting.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Got back on it and he's mostly back to normal. It will probably take until school starts to get him back to where he was.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Which brings me to another thought. My sil said something to me while I was visiting that made me realize I probably need to do a post on recovery and what it means. We were discussing water and how good Gryffin was around it and in it. And that moved on to how many children with autism drown because they have no concept of danger or drowning, or some don't feel pain or whatever it is that leads a child with autism to jump into water and drown. I told her water was still a concern for me even though I knew he was safe around water. Old habits.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;She couldn't understand why I'd still be worried. She said, "But I thought you said he was recovered?"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;And that's when I realized that recovery is very misunderstood. My sil is no fool. She's one smart cookie. She owns and runs a learning lab where she teaches struggling kids how to process information better and she's had ASD students. So this wasn't something I would've thought she would misunderstand. What I failed to realize is: why wouldn't she? She doesn't live with it everyday. She doesn't treat it. She doesn't research it and it doesn't engulf her life. She may not have even heard of recovery until the moment I first told her Gryffin was mostly recovered (yes, I always say "mostly recovered"). My expectation that people (anyone, not just my sil) know what I mean when I say recovered is completely unrealistic and unfair on my part.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A child recovered from autism is not necessarily issue free. Like a child with asthma, they live a mostly normal life if they have an inhaler.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So I really need to write a post on what recovery means. All the different forms and variations and how it's perceived. I'm going to post that sometime in the next week.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;School is closing in on us and I feel like I haven't really had a summer. My NT son had his tonsils/adenoids removed right when we got back from vacation and that kept us homebound for a while. I wanted to do some more chelating this summer and never got around to it. Especially since I had to get Gryffin back on track with his antiviral. This summer seems to have just completely gotten away from me.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pfffft.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;At least we had some fun, though. We spent time visiting with our families and friends, something we just don't get to do enough.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7880097506101865246-6600176256122304753?l=gryffins-tail.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/feeds/6600176256122304753/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7880097506101865246&amp;postID=6600176256122304753' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/6600176256122304753'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/6600176256122304753'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/2011/07/summer-reflections.html' title='Summer reflections'/><author><name>Cheryl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02333902683981665134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_pHPqYkd7IuI/TO1Egb1P4dI/AAAAAAAAADs/Gf88m5TsY7A/S220/me.jpeg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7880097506101865246.post-7055288947738537867</id><published>2011-06-05T07:27:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-06-05T07:40:50.868-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Vaccines'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Studies'/><title type='text'>2 studies connects vaccines to SIDS - 1 old and 1 new</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="cit" style="line-height: 1.45em;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; color: #403838; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h1 id="article-title-1" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; outline-style: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; color: #403838; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="clear: left; float: left; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.simplyparenting.com/articles/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/baby-vaccine.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="147" src="http://www.simplyparenting.com/articles/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/baby-vaccine.jpg" width="200" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Here's a great article to help put these into perspective: &lt;a href="http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/237855"&gt;New study proving vaccines can kill children.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; color: #403838; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h1 id="article-title-1" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; outline-style: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; color: #403838; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://het.sagepub.com/content/early/2011/05/04/0960327111407644.abstract"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Infant mortality rates regressed against number of vaccine doses routinely given: Is there a biochemical or synergistic toxicity?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; color: #403838; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;div class="contributors intlv" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-style: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;ol class="contributor-list" id="contrib-group-1" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"&gt;&lt;li class="last" id="contrib-1" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; 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border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-style: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"&gt;Neil Z Miller&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="contrib-email" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-style: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;a href="mailto:neilzmiller@gmail.com" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; 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padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;li class="aff" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-style: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7880097506101865246" id="aff-1" name="aff-1" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #7e0203; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-style: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: 0px;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;address style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-style: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Independent researcher, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA&lt;/address&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="contributors intlv" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-style: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;ol class="contributor-list" id="contrib-group-2" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-style: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"&gt;&lt;li class="last" id="contrib-2" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-style: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"&gt;&lt;span class="name" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-style: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;a class="name-search" href="http://het.sagepub.com/search?author1=Gary+S+Goldman&amp;amp;sortspec=date&amp;amp;submit=Submit" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-style: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"&gt;Gary S Goldman&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;ol class="affiliation-list" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 5%; margin-top: 1em; outline-style: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;li class="aff" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-style: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-color: initial; border-style: initial; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7880097506101865246" id="aff-2" name="aff-2" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #7e0203; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-style: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: 0px;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;address style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-style: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Independent computer scientist, Pearblossom, California, USA&lt;/address&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="section abstract" id="abstract-1" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: both; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-style: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;h2 style="border-bottom-color: rgb(153, 153, 153); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; outline-style: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Abstract&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div id="p-2" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px; outline-style: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;The infant mortality rate (IMR) is one of the most important indicators of the socio-economic well-being and public health conditions of a country. The US childhood immunization schedule specifies 26 vaccine doses for infants aged less than 1 year—the most in the world—yet 33 nations have lower IMRs. Using linear regression, the immunization schedules of these 34 nations were examined and a correlation coefficient of&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: italic; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-style: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;r&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;= 0.70 (&lt;em style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: italic; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-style: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;p&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;lt; 0.0001) was found between IMRs and the number of vaccine doses routinely given to infants. Nations were also grouped into five different vaccine dose ranges: 12–14, 15–17, 18–20, 21–23, and 24–26. The mean IMRs of all nations within each group were then calculated. Linear regression analysis of unweighted mean IMRs showed a high statistically significant correlation between increasing number of vaccine doses and increasing infant mortality rates, with&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: italic; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-style: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;r&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;= 0.992 (&lt;em style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: italic; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-style: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;p&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;= 0.0009). Using the Tukey-Kramer test, statistically significant differences in mean IMRs were found between nations giving 12–14 vaccine doses and those giving 21–23, and 24–26 doses. A closer inspection of correlations between vaccine doses, biochemical or synergistic toxicity, and IMRs is essential.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul class="copyright-statement" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 5%; margin-top: 1em; outline-style: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;li class="fn" id="copyright-statement-1" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: inherit; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-style: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: hidden;"&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="license" id="license-1" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-style: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;div id="p-1" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 5px; outline-style: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="cit" style="font-size: 0.91666em; line-height: 1.45em;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7880097506101865246" style="border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; color: #333333; text-decoration: underline;" title="Pediatric infectious disease."&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="cit" style="line-height: 1.45em;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7880097506101865246" style="border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; color: #333333; text-decoration: underline;" title="Pediatric infectious disease."&gt;Pediatr Infect Dis.&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;1983 Jan-Feb;2(1):7-11.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h1 style="font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.125em; margin-bottom: 0.375em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.375em;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6835859"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Possible temporal association between diphtheria-tetanus toxoid-pertussis vaccination and sudden infant death syndrome.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;div class="auths"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Baraff%20LJ%22%5BAuthor%5D" style="border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; color: #333333; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;Baraff LJ&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Ablon%20WJ%22%5BAuthor%5D" style="border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; color: #333333; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;Ablon WJ&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Weiss%20RC%22%5BAuthor%5D" style="border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; color: #333333; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;Weiss RC&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="abstr" style="margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 1.2em;"&gt;&lt;h3 style="color: #985735; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Abstract&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Because diphtheria and tetanus toxoids pertussis (DTP) vaccine is routinely given during the period of highest incidence of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), this study was undertaken to determine if there is a temporal association between DTP immunization and SIDS. Parents of 145 SIDS victims who died in Los Angeles County between January 1, 1979, and August 23, 1980, were contacted and interviewed regarding their child's recent immunization history. Fifty-three had received a DTP immunization. Of these 53, 27 had received a DTP immunization within 28 days of death. Six SIDS deaths occurred within 24 hours and 17 occurred within 1 week of DTP immunization. These SIDS deaths were significantly more than expected were there no association between DTP immunization and SIDS. An additional 46 infants had a physician/clinic visit without DTP immunization prior to death. Forty of these infants died within 28 days of this visit, seven on the third day and 22 within the first week following the visit. These deaths were also significantly more than expected. These data suggest a temporal association between DTP immunization, physician visits without DTP immunization and SIDS.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="aux" style="line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 1.2em;"&gt;&lt;div class="resc" style="color: #575757;"&gt;&lt;dl class="rprtid" style="color: #575757; display: inline; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 15px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"&gt;&lt;dt style="display: inline; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"&gt;PMID:&lt;/dt&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;dd style="display: inline; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"&gt;6835859&lt;/dd&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;dd style="display: inline; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"&gt;[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dl&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7880097506101865246-7055288947738537867?l=gryffins-tail.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/feeds/7055288947738537867/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7880097506101865246&amp;postID=7055288947738537867' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/7055288947738537867'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/7055288947738537867'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/2011/06/2-studies-connects-vaccines-to-sids-1.html' title='2 studies connects vaccines to SIDS - 1 old and 1 new'/><author><name>Cheryl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02333902683981665134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_pHPqYkd7IuI/TO1Egb1P4dI/AAAAAAAAADs/Gf88m5TsY7A/S220/me.jpeg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7880097506101865246.post-7099936753201949122</id><published>2011-05-13T19:48:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-05-13T19:50:26.996-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Blog Technical Difficulties'/><title type='text'>Blogger has gone nuts</title><content type='html'>So whatever craziness is happening, I can't stop it. &amp;nbsp;Blogger has been doing some upkeep and it's affecting all the blogs. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I apologize right now for any weirdness. &amp;nbsp;I know it sent out posts from several different days in last month as if they were all new. &amp;nbsp;Sorry guys. &amp;nbsp;I hope they work it out soon.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7880097506101865246-7099936753201949122?l=gryffins-tail.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/feeds/7099936753201949122/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7880097506101865246&amp;postID=7099936753201949122' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/7099936753201949122'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/7099936753201949122'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/2011/05/blogger-has-gone-nuts.html' title='Blogger has gone nuts'/><author><name>Cheryl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02333902683981665134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_pHPqYkd7IuI/TO1Egb1P4dI/AAAAAAAAADs/Gf88m5TsY7A/S220/me.jpeg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7880097506101865246.post-5574081950390537683</id><published>2011-05-11T15:40:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-05-13T19:45:12.279-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Biomed book'/><title type='text'>Biomed book: Food Diary</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I have a new page for you to add into your biomed book!  Woot woot! &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Okay, so maybe it's not that exciting. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I was asked how to handle food, not just supplements.  So here it is:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-cOJVDJ03mkI/TcsQaASlXQI/AAAAAAAAAFQ/PNJ1FxF7IZs/s1600/food%2Bdiary.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="225" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-cOJVDJ03mkI/TcsQaASlXQI/AAAAAAAAAFQ/PNJ1FxF7IZs/s320/food%2Bdiary.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;You can find it &lt;a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1dI42XWm4SA2MH_SyMtaXpEtsPZ6LEgZV-KziLRmnHqI/edit?hl=en&amp;amp;authkey=CMaGwvoN"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Keep in mind that you can modify this easily. &amp;nbsp;All of my pages were created in Word or Excel because, well, I had no idea I'd be sharing them when I made them. &amp;nbsp;If I had, I would have made them in Adobe InDesign and they'd be hot pieces of graphic design genius. &amp;nbsp;Okay, so maybe not genius but they'd definitely be hot.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Since I now don't have the time or the inclination to create such genius, utilitarian will have to do.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For the technically challenged, if you need more room, just change the page size to legal and then pull the square on the bottom right of the table box and enlarge the table to fit. &amp;nbsp;Voila, more room.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7880097506101865246-5574081950390537683?l=gryffins-tail.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/feeds/5574081950390537683/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7880097506101865246&amp;postID=5574081950390537683' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/5574081950390537683'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/5574081950390537683'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/2011/05/biomed-book-food-diary.html' title='Biomed book: Food Diary'/><author><name>Cheryl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02333902683981665134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_pHPqYkd7IuI/TO1Egb1P4dI/AAAAAAAAADs/Gf88m5TsY7A/S220/me.jpeg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-cOJVDJ03mkI/TcsQaASlXQI/AAAAAAAAAFQ/PNJ1FxF7IZs/s72-c/food%2Bdiary.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7880097506101865246.post-3436249456183832757</id><published>2011-05-11T14:46:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-05-13T19:46:39.931-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='What is autism?'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='This and That'/><title type='text'>Autism doesn't exist</title><content type='html'>I had a question from a friend with no spawn of his own today. &amp;nbsp;That question was: what do you mean your child is recovered? &amp;nbsp;I thought it was lifelong?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Well, not really. &amp;nbsp;Some do. &amp;nbsp;But hopefully this can help people understand what it means to have autism. It's a&amp;nbsp;great way to get a good overview of why biomedical interventions exist and why/how they help.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="200" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/BpPW0lV0WbU" width="300"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="200" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/JnD8Il2PS9E" width="300"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7880097506101865246-3436249456183832757?l=gryffins-tail.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/feeds/3436249456183832757/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7880097506101865246&amp;postID=3436249456183832757' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/3436249456183832757'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/3436249456183832757'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/2011/05/autism-doesnt-exist.html' title='Autism doesn&apos;t exist'/><author><name>Cheryl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02333902683981665134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_pHPqYkd7IuI/TO1Egb1P4dI/AAAAAAAAADs/Gf88m5TsY7A/S220/me.jpeg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://img.youtube.com/vi/BpPW0lV0WbU/default.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7880097506101865246.post-8980696870344783936</id><published>2011-05-11T14:32:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-05-13T19:45:42.823-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='In The News'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Vaccines'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Studies'/><title type='text'>More on what we already know</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.myfoxdc.com/dpp/health/new-study-suggests-link-between-vaccines-and-autism-051011"&gt;New Study Suggests Link Between Vaccines and Autism&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.myfoxboston.com/dpp/morning/vaccine-autism-link-new-investigation-20110511"&gt;Vaccine-autism link: New investigation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7880097506101865246-8980696870344783936?l=gryffins-tail.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='related' href='http://www.myfoxdc.com/dpp/health/new-study-suggests-link-between-vaccines-and-autism-051011' title='More on what we already know'/><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/feeds/8980696870344783936/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7880097506101865246&amp;postID=8980696870344783936' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/8980696870344783936'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/8980696870344783936'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/2011/05/more-on-what-we-already-know.html' title='More on what we already know'/><author><name>Cheryl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02333902683981665134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_pHPqYkd7IuI/TO1Egb1P4dI/AAAAAAAAADs/Gf88m5TsY7A/S220/me.jpeg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7880097506101865246.post-5942700601027307357</id><published>2011-05-10T20:42:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-05-10T21:08:04.627-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Biomed book'/><title type='text'>Sample page for the biomed book</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I was asked to post an example of how I used the Adding/Removing page. &amp;nbsp;Here it is:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-v2kVGWFctf4/TcoKC6-hQyI/AAAAAAAAAFM/as8Q-FlRvMQ/s1600/Sample+page.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-v2kVGWFctf4/TcoKC6-hQyI/AAAAAAAAAFM/as8Q-FlRvMQ/s320/Sample+page.jpg" width="298" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I said it in red but I think it's worth saying again - use it in a way that will work for you. &amp;nbsp;Make changes if you need to.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7880097506101865246-5942700601027307357?l=gryffins-tail.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/feeds/5942700601027307357/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7880097506101865246&amp;postID=5942700601027307357' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/5942700601027307357'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/5942700601027307357'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/2011/05/sample-page-for-biomed-book.html' title='Sample page for the biomed book'/><author><name>Cheryl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02333902683981665134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_pHPqYkd7IuI/TO1Egb1P4dI/AAAAAAAAADs/Gf88m5TsY7A/S220/me.jpeg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-v2kVGWFctf4/TcoKC6-hQyI/AAAAAAAAAFM/as8Q-FlRvMQ/s72-c/Sample+page.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7880097506101865246.post-1607724874014178630</id><published>2011-05-10T12:56:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-05-10T19:04:34.804-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='In The News'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Vaccines'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Studies'/><title type='text'>A Review of Compensated Cases of Vaccine-Induced Brain Injury</title><content type='html'>&lt;img height="148" src="http://www.opednews.com/populum/uploaded/hpv-vaccine-35127-20090524-10.jpg" width="200" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;You have no idea how bad I want to just post the whole thing here. &amp;nbsp;Seriously. &amp;nbsp;Just like I did when I first started this blog and contributed to the ruination of the internet with my lack of netiquette. &amp;nbsp;But since I'm not ruining the internet anymore, I can only say: &lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&amp;amp;pid=explorer&amp;amp;chrome=true&amp;amp;srcid=0B_dmFgP1OdBiMGIyYjhjNjAtYjJhYS00YzMxLTliNmMtYzVhYTcwYzJiNTcy&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;authkey=COS2_oMM"&gt;must read&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;AoA has the Executive Summary &lt;a href="http://www.ageofautism.com/2011/05/a-review-of-compensated-cases-of-vaccine-induced-brain-injury.html"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Check it out. &amp;nbsp;Good stuff.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7880097506101865246-1607724874014178630?l=gryffins-tail.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/feeds/1607724874014178630/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7880097506101865246&amp;postID=1607724874014178630' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/1607724874014178630'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/1607724874014178630'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/2011/05/review-of-compensated-cases-of-vaccine.html' title='A Review of Compensated Cases of Vaccine-Induced Brain Injury'/><author><name>Cheryl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02333902683981665134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_pHPqYkd7IuI/TO1Egb1P4dI/AAAAAAAAADs/Gf88m5TsY7A/S220/me.jpeg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7880097506101865246.post-5663865408484181088</id><published>2011-05-08T21:41:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-05-10T13:16:39.806-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='This and That'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Blog Technical Difficulties'/><title type='text'>Another new look</title><content type='html'>You might have noticed the new clothes. &amp;nbsp;I know, it seems like I just got new clothes and yet here we are, changed again.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I really don't plan to change it up often and I'm sorry if it has been jolting. &amp;nbsp;You see, this time I had to do it. &amp;nbsp;Blogger has updated their interface and the old template, which I very much liked, wasn't working with the new blogger. &amp;nbsp;I'm saddened by it but I must move on if I want my blog to be readable. &amp;nbsp;That whole "everything in Georgia italics" thing was a bit hard on the eyes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Anyway, hope you like the new look!&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7880097506101865246-5663865408484181088?l=gryffins-tail.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/feeds/5663865408484181088/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7880097506101865246&amp;postID=5663865408484181088' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/5663865408484181088'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/5663865408484181088'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/2011/05/another-new-look.html' title='Another new look'/><author><name>Cheryl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02333902683981665134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_pHPqYkd7IuI/TO1Egb1P4dI/AAAAAAAAADs/Gf88m5TsY7A/S220/me.jpeg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7880097506101865246.post-6790107759485718152</id><published>2011-05-03T11:43:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-05-03T12:31:29.853-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Social Skills'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='This and That'/><title type='text'>I'm sorry. Excuse me. Pardon me. My apologies.</title><content type='html'>I know some people believe that forced apologies are insincere. I've heard it over and over again and while I understand the fundamentals of the belief, it doesn't change the fact that we should apologize when our children can't.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Some of you are probably wondering what I've been smoking to say something like that. &amp;nbsp;The truth is, if parents didn't care about what others thought of their child, they wouldn't have behavioral therapy. They wouldn't care about social skills and focus on life skills, educational skills, and vocational skills. But that's not true for most. We want our kids to have friends in school. We want them to make friends as adults. We want them to have girlfriends and boyfriends, husbands and wives. We want them to have children. We don't want them to be social pariahs.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Honestly, how many apologies do people make that are sincere? Not many. Every person we bump into with a rushed, "excuse me" or "I'm sorry" isn't steeped in genuine remorse and guilt. And rarely are people as emphatically remorseful as they sometimes make it sound.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yes, there are some things we do that keep us up at night because we feel so badly about them. &amp;nbsp;But not many. Most things are forgotten about within five minutes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Does that mean we shouldn't apologize? No. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Apologies are a social construct. It's a display of politeness. It's a &lt;i&gt;social skill. &lt;/i&gt;We can't teach our children social skills by excluding the apology unless they mean it, especially when they are likely to be even &amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;less&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;remorseful than a typical child because logically, why should they apologize for something they didn't know? &amp;nbsp;They should do it for the same reason you get a ticket for speeding in a residential area when there is no posted speed limit. Not knowing doesn't excuse the behavior. &amp;nbsp;Everyone knows it's twenty-five mph in a residential area, posted or not. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It's not about whether or not they have autism. Austism might be &lt;i&gt;why &lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;they don't understand that biting is inappropriate, but that still doesn't excuse the behavior. The majority are able to learn. Having a consequence for biting is something I'm sure most parents have, but they don't always make their kids apologize or apologize for them. This is a mistake. If the child were typical, the likelihood of a forced apology is much greater. Don't let autism be an excuse. &amp;nbsp;It's not. The whole point of behavioral therapy is to teach them what is acceptable behavior and what isn't.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Apologies aren't meant to always be sincere. &amp;nbsp;Remember - it's a social construct. It's about being polite. Acknowledging that something occurred. Having a consequence to hitting a child isn't the same as having a consequence and making the hitter acknowledge that hitting is wrong. &amp;nbsp;Apologizing makes a person internalize what happened as being offensive as opposed to just suffering through a time-out because mom's pissed. This occurs even on a subconscious level. This is how we learn expected behavior.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;One could say that apologizing is only meant to shame the offender and well, yes. &amp;nbsp;That's true. Get ready for the obvious...because it's meant to teach social skills and right from wrong. But a person can only feel as much shame as they allow. &amp;nbsp;Through good and bad acts, rewards, punishments and apologies and praise, we learn to put that "price tag" on our acts.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;How much shame does one feel when they apologize for bumping into someone? None. How much shame does a person feel when they steal someone's husband? Probably a whole lot. Because doing bad things in the past have taught us the degrees to which we should feel shame and apologies are a part of that. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I'm sorry (see, another insincere apology but socially it's expected because I'm expressing an alternate view than others and hopefully doing so in an inoffensive way - that's always debatable with me but I digress), but apologies are a part of life. They are a part of learning appropriate social behavior. If typical behavior is what a parent wants their child to learn, teach that child to apologize because more people expect it than don't. By not teaching them to apologize whether they mean it or not, parents are setting their kids up to be ridiculed and hated for being a rude and pompous ass by their peers in the future. I don't think that's what parents want for their kids.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Whether or not a personal belief is to like or dislike the insincere apology, until insincere apologies are passe in society as a whole, give your child all the tools they need to succeed in the society as it is &lt;i&gt;today&lt;/i&gt;. They are already starting behind the eight ball, why make it harder?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7880097506101865246-6790107759485718152?l=gryffins-tail.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/feeds/6790107759485718152/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7880097506101865246&amp;postID=6790107759485718152' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/6790107759485718152'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/6790107759485718152'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/2011/05/im-sorry-excuse-me-pardon-me-my.html' title='I&apos;m sorry. Excuse me. Pardon me. My apologies.'/><author><name>Cheryl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02333902683981665134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_pHPqYkd7IuI/TO1Egb1P4dI/AAAAAAAAADs/Gf88m5TsY7A/S220/me.jpeg'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7880097506101865246.post-8316154341251278212</id><published>2011-04-15T11:58:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-04-15T12:02:30.187-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='This'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='This and That'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ADHD'/><title type='text'>Some personal thoughts on ADHD and stimulant meds</title><content type='html'>I've been doing things all these years to try to alleviate the ADHD with little success. Things are only marginally better with biomed. I haven't tried everything - I'm calling my doc to see if we can try hydergine (he's already on 2 other non-Rx nootropics but I've read that hydergine in combo with other nootropics is like night and day). I've been doing biomed for over 4 years and haven't made any headway with it so I've decided that if I can't take care of it without stimulants then I will try them &lt;i&gt;when he gets to the grade where grades matter&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;which is, I think the 4th grade. I have a couple years still to work on it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In many ways, I feel like autism masked his ADHD. &amp;nbsp;As he recovered from autism, his ADHD just got worse. Like we had been able to blame the autism for so much until the autism wasn't there to blame anymore.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I admit to sometimes wondering if I'm just doing him a disservice by continuing to wait. If you know anything about ADHD, language issues are quite common and his pragmatics just aren't great - something I used to attribute to autism until I learned how prevalent it is in ADHD and realized that is the last of his autism I needed to get out that is just a toughy. Getting him to speak was easy. &amp;nbsp;Getting him to speak and comprehend at least somewhat close to typical, totally different... &amp;nbsp;I often wonder if these would solve his problem and he wouldn't have to play catch up so hard. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Speaking to others with ADHD and having them tell me that the first time they started their ADHD med they finally felt normal really makes an impact. Hearing them tell me how the world finally righted itself and everything made sense because of their meds does give me great pause. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I dunno what the answer is. Part of me is just too chicken to even give the meds after doing biomed for so long. I don't want to put something like stimulants into him not knowing what the long term effects are. &amp;nbsp;Another part of me feels like I'd just be a huge hypocrite if I gave them, I used to be one of those people that thought stimulants were a crutch of bad parenting. If I just find the right biomed combination, the right key, find the root of what's happening... &amp;nbsp;And then another part of me feels like I could be giving him something right now that could potentially make it all go away and I'm not; and wondering just how bad of a mom that makes me. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It's a daily struggle to know what the right thing is. I do feel like he's just too young to be taking stimulants and that's my main driving force behind doing everything I can before going to meds. &amp;nbsp;I don't have a lot of confidence that I can avoid that, though. &amp;nbsp;From my answers on the Connors test, wow. &amp;nbsp;He's got it bad.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7880097506101865246-8316154341251278212?l=gryffins-tail.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/feeds/8316154341251278212/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7880097506101865246&amp;postID=8316154341251278212' title='4 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/8316154341251278212'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/8316154341251278212'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/2011/04/some-personal-thoughts-on-adhd-and.html' title='Some personal thoughts on ADHD and stimulant meds'/><author><name>Cheryl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02333902683981665134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_pHPqYkd7IuI/TO1Egb1P4dI/AAAAAAAAADs/Gf88m5TsY7A/S220/me.jpeg'/></author><thr:total>4</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7880097506101865246.post-5634243300680107796</id><published>2011-04-12T21:23:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-04-16T10:51:08.242-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Life'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='This and That'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ADHD'/><title type='text'>From autism to ADHD</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1y6MfsfDbWQ/TaUlGy99E8I/AAAAAAAAAEk/qoMmKvywU18/s1600/adhd%253Aacdc.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="194" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1y6MfsfDbWQ/TaUlGy99E8I/AAAAAAAAAEk/qoMmKvywU18/s320/adhd%253Aacdc.jpeg" width="259" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;My son's triennial assessment is going on right now and I just filled out an interesting parent form.  One I haven't seen before but knew instantly what it was when I read the questions.  ADHD questionnaire.  I searched for the name of the test and found it on the side margin, Connors 3.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In so many ways, this is good news (so far).  It looks like it means they no longer think he has autism (yay, me!  I worked hard to get it that way!) but now they want to assess for ADHD.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;To be honest, they could've just asked me and saved us all the time.  Yes.  There ya go, no need for a questionnaire.  In everything I've done, I've managed to deal with the autism but the ADHD is still such a huge problem.  I'm not sure what more I &lt;i&gt;can&lt;/i&gt; do.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gryffin had a diagnosis of moderate to severe autism and to see the autism fade has been more than I could've ever dreamed but sometimes I look at the ADHD issues and think it's harder to crack than autism ever thought it could be.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Who knows, maybe we'll have our IEP and instead of saying they don't think he has autism, they'll say they think he has autism &lt;i&gt;and&lt;/i&gt; ADHD.  That ought to be a riot since the autism diagnosis specifically excludes any other diagnosis as part of the condition.  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But I don't think that'll happen.  When I see Gryffin, I see ADHD, not autism. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sheesh.  It's hard to even think about it right now.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7880097506101865246-5634243300680107796?l=gryffins-tail.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/feeds/5634243300680107796/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7880097506101865246&amp;postID=5634243300680107796' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/5634243300680107796'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/5634243300680107796'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/2011/04/from-autism-to-adhd.html' title='From autism to ADHD'/><author><name>Cheryl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02333902683981665134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_pHPqYkd7IuI/TO1Egb1P4dI/AAAAAAAAADs/Gf88m5TsY7A/S220/me.jpeg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1y6MfsfDbWQ/TaUlGy99E8I/AAAAAAAAAEk/qoMmKvywU18/s72-c/adhd%253Aacdc.jpeg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7880097506101865246.post-6282833139867130459</id><published>2011-04-12T16:40:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-04-12T16:48:12.508-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='How do you know when...?'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='This and That'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Biomed book'/><title type='text'>New page for the biomed book!</title><content type='html'>I didn't upload a page for the &lt;a href="http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/2011/04/biomed-book-and-how-to-make-one.html"&gt;biomed boo&lt;/a&gt;k by accident. &amp;nbsp;What was I thinking?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://bit.ly/ibCPmp"&gt;Here&lt;/a&gt; it is. &amp;nbsp;It's specifically for when you add new supps/med or therapies to keep track of what's going on. &amp;nbsp;It's very basic but it works. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I'll also update the original post with the new page.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7880097506101865246-6282833139867130459?l=gryffins-tail.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/feeds/6282833139867130459/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7880097506101865246&amp;postID=6282833139867130459' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/6282833139867130459'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/6282833139867130459'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/2011/04/new-page-for-biomed-book.html' title='New page for the biomed book!'/><author><name>Cheryl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02333902683981665134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_pHPqYkd7IuI/TO1Egb1P4dI/AAAAAAAAADs/Gf88m5TsY7A/S220/me.jpeg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7880097506101865246.post-7799142539458307985</id><published>2011-04-12T16:34:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-04-12T16:34:19.341-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Vaccines'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Studies'/><title type='text'>Dr. Helen V. Ratajczak and vaccines</title><content type='html'>There's an article in The Journal of Immunotoxicology causing quite a stir, to which I say, good. &amp;nbsp;We need a stir. &amp;nbsp;Dr. Helen V. Ratajczak wrote a compelling article that I hope you will give a good read to, it's worth the time.&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;You can download the full article&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://bit.ly/eYGJ0o"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. &amp;nbsp;Just one more study we can point to that everyone will likely ignore, unfortunately. &amp;nbsp;I know, it's rather cynical but I've been on this road too long to wait for miracles.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7880097506101865246-7799142539458307985?l=gryffins-tail.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/feeds/7799142539458307985/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7880097506101865246&amp;postID=7799142539458307985' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/7799142539458307985'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/7799142539458307985'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/2011/04/dr-helen-v-ratajczak-and-vaccines.html' title='Dr. Helen V. Ratajczak and vaccines'/><author><name>Cheryl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02333902683981665134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_pHPqYkd7IuI/TO1Egb1P4dI/AAAAAAAAADs/Gf88m5TsY7A/S220/me.jpeg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7880097506101865246.post-2496274897127775817</id><published>2011-04-10T19:24:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-04-10T19:24:11.629-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='In The News'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Heavy Metals'/><title type='text'>Toxic baby food: is anyone really surprised?</title><content type='html'>Seriously, I'll never understand why this is okay? &amp;nbsp;It's one thing to get toxins naturally from food - some foods contain toxins - but this is baby food. &amp;nbsp;BABY FOOD. &amp;nbsp;We're not talking about getting amounts of cyanide from eating bamboo shoots because it's naturally present in bamboo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These are toxins introduced to our foods - and our babies. &amp;nbsp;I'll never understand it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #404040; font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #282828; font-size: 10px; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h1 style="color: #1e1e1e; font-size: 2.4em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.16em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://bit.ly/ebJ3v9"&gt;Arsenic and toxic metals found in baby food&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;Baby foods used to wean infants off milk have been found to contain "alarming" levels of toxic contaminants including arsenic, lead and cadmium.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #404040; font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #404040; font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://bit.ly/ebJ3v9"&gt;Read the rest here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7880097506101865246-2496274897127775817?l=gryffins-tail.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/feeds/2496274897127775817/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7880097506101865246&amp;postID=2496274897127775817' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/2496274897127775817'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/2496274897127775817'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/2011/04/toxic-baby-food-is-anyone-really.html' title='Toxic baby food: is anyone really surprised?'/><author><name>Cheryl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02333902683981665134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_pHPqYkd7IuI/TO1Egb1P4dI/AAAAAAAAADs/Gf88m5TsY7A/S220/me.jpeg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7880097506101865246.post-2752294859634524167</id><published>2011-04-10T19:12:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-04-12T16:47:01.099-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Viruses'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='In The News'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='XMRV'/><title type='text'>XMRV and autism</title><content type='html'>I've been of the opinion that XMRV is going to be hugely important since we found out about it. Kent Heckenlively does a fantastic job of breaking it down.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://bit.ly/eMZ03j"&gt;The Potential Importance of the XMRV Retrovirus to Autism&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="entry-content" style="clear: both; font-size: small; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; position: static;"&gt;&lt;div class="entry-body" style="clear: both;"&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.rescuepost.com/.a/6a00d8357f3f2969e2014e874f43e3970d-pi" style="color: #003366; float: left; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;img alt="XMRV" class="asset  asset-image at-xid-6a00d8357f3f2969e2014e874f43e3970d" src="http://www.rescuepost.com/.a/6a00d8357f3f2969e2014e874f43e3970d-150wi" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 5px; margin-top: 0px; width: 150px;" title="XMRV" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;By Kent Heckenlively, Esq.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Although I’ve been a science teacher for the past five years I find that when I’m confronted with new information I want to explain to people I fall back on the strategies I used during the fifteen years I was a lawyer. I hope you'll consider this article in that light, as essentially an opening statement.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"&gt;Read the rest &lt;a href="http://bit.ly/eMZ03j"&gt;here on AoA&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7880097506101865246-2752294859634524167?l=gryffins-tail.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/feeds/2752294859634524167/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7880097506101865246&amp;postID=2752294859634524167' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/2752294859634524167'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/2752294859634524167'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/2011/04/xmrv-and-autism.html' title='XMRV and autism'/><author><name>Cheryl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02333902683981665134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_pHPqYkd7IuI/TO1Egb1P4dI/AAAAAAAAADs/Gf88m5TsY7A/S220/me.jpeg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7880097506101865246.post-5395537965604613772</id><published>2011-04-08T19:10:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-04-08T19:10:46.458-07:00</updated><title type='text'>New way to subscribe!</title><content type='html'>If you look to the right, you'll see that there is now a way to subscribe via e-mail. &amp;nbsp;Hope that helps those that haven't been able to subscribe before!&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7880097506101865246-5395537965604613772?l=gryffins-tail.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/feeds/5395537965604613772/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7880097506101865246&amp;postID=5395537965604613772' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/5395537965604613772'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/5395537965604613772'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/2011/04/new-way-to-subscribe.html' title='New way to subscribe!'/><author><name>Cheryl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02333902683981665134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_pHPqYkd7IuI/TO1Egb1P4dI/AAAAAAAAADs/Gf88m5TsY7A/S220/me.jpeg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7880097506101865246.post-2047047417913223660</id><published>2011-04-08T12:32:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-04-16T10:50:06.372-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='How do you know when...?'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='This and That'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Biomed book'/><title type='text'>The biomed book and how to make one.</title><content type='html'>As a biomed parent, you have to be organized. If you aren't organized, you don't know what's going on. And if there's one thing you want to know, it's what's going on.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;You must take notes. Copious notes. I've mentioned this before here. Let me say it again - take lots and lots of notes. Know what's doing what, what is doing nothing and what it interacts or works well with.&amp;nbsp; Know what your kids symptoms are for yeast, bacteria, ammonia, phenols, etc.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;You don't know these things without notes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I keep a Biomed Book. It's got dividers and tabs and all the great things that will keep your information where you want it, at your fingertips.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here's a picture.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-CwRdABRFCYU/TZ9biPKdYiI/AAAAAAAAAEg/gUtd8jKqjaM/s1600/IMAG0116.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-CwRdABRFCYU/TZ9biPKdYiI/AAAAAAAAAEg/gUtd8jKqjaM/s200/IMAG0116.jpg" width="119" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Doesn't look like much does it? I didn't really put any effort into making it look pretty but hey, it's not decoration, right?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here are all the pages for my biomed book so you don't even have to make them. I created a Google docs page for this blog so all you need to do is click, go to file, download as, pick one and it's all yours to modify to your needs. &amp;nbsp;I left an example on some of the pages so you know how I used it but I'm not sure if I did that for all of them.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;"&gt;UPDATE: &amp;nbsp;I had a bit of a snafu. &amp;nbsp;I apologize to everyone that tried to download and had to ask permission for the files. &amp;nbsp;I've changed them all to public so you should not have to ask for anything anymore and you definitely shouldn't need to sign up for anything. &amp;nbsp;If there are any problems, please comment me.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1tpOfeG39HBLWI_MgTYJurnRUAOnEL1C3lC3DwDe8SFs/edit?hl=en#"&gt;Cover and divider pages&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;- self explanatory&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1UQ3E0_tLkoopuFOeUkMonv3xvUpIV_JoGkOivx9edmU/edit?hl=en#"&gt;Dosing schedule&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;- I use this as a daily reference for anyone that needs to know what to give. &amp;nbsp;Just flip to it and everything is there.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1cEONkJ5DfbhJ3FwPgwInBV2g5zSLSQ3kEgNSt4rtTQI/edit?hl=en#"&gt;Medicine chart&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;- This is to keep track of all the meds/supplements, costs, why, when, how, etc. &amp;nbsp;What was stopped, why it was stopped, what you plan to start soon and so on. This also has a lab quick check sheet. &amp;nbsp;There are certain labs I keep close track of and I don't want to have to go to my labs section and flip through all the labs. &amp;nbsp;It's now right there for me to scan anytime. &amp;nbsp;If I'm tracking HHV6 titers, I can just look here and see what they were for the last year and how they moved.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/174WYCOHKCt1OqhOwT-TSOm2J6ltKhutgVoLyADEXYQc/edit?hl=en#"&gt;Phone log&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;- Always keep track of your communications with practitioners.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;"&gt;UPDATE #2: &amp;nbsp;A page I neglected to upload below!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://bit.ly/ibCPmp"&gt;Behavior - adding/removing&lt;/a&gt; - Use this to keep track of behavior/changes that occur when you are adding or removing a new supp, med or therapy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I also use sheet protectors for the dividers and in the front, I have all of our doctor's info.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Whenever you need more lines or want to delete unused lines, it's easy to do so. &amp;nbsp;If your needs are slightly different or you just think you can do it better - go for it. &amp;nbsp;The important thing is that it works for you and now you have an idea of how to do it if you didn't already.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Having a book like this will be able to help your spouse in case you're not there and will also be the how-to guide for family members should anything happen to you or your spouse. &amp;nbsp;Everything anyone needs to know about your biomed protocol is right there.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;You can also keep track of all those other things I keep pestering on about, like knowing your child's symptoms, keeping track of what's doing what, what's not doing anything, what needs something else to work and so on. &amp;nbsp;You get the idea.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If you have any questions, if something doesn't make sense or you just want to know how I filled something out, drop me a comment.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7880097506101865246-2047047417913223660?l=gryffins-tail.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/feeds/2047047417913223660/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7880097506101865246&amp;postID=2047047417913223660' title='4 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/2047047417913223660'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/2047047417913223660'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/2011/04/biomed-book-and-how-to-make-one.html' title='The biomed book and how to make one.'/><author><name>Cheryl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02333902683981665134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_pHPqYkd7IuI/TO1Egb1P4dI/AAAAAAAAADs/Gf88m5TsY7A/S220/me.jpeg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-CwRdABRFCYU/TZ9biPKdYiI/AAAAAAAAAEg/gUtd8jKqjaM/s72-c/IMAG0116.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>4</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7880097506101865246.post-8967488584414057140</id><published>2011-04-08T12:00:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-04-08T12:00:08.537-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='How do you know when...?'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='yeast'/><title type='text'>Got Yeast?</title><content type='html'>I'm repeatedly asked, "How do I know if my child has yeast?"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Well, the short answer is... you don't.  At least not until you've learned the signs in your child.  Even testing, while recommended, isn't nearly as reliable or cost effective as simply recognizing.  But even then, you might be wrong.  I know, sad to hear, right?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Let me start by telling you how I learned my son's signs of yeast.  I read many accounts of what people said were yeast signs so I was already feeling like my son probably had yeast but I certainly couldn't identify it.  Let's face it, it's not like it's going to come out and introduce itself to you in a polite voice that belies the hidden danger it encompasses.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I learned what yeast looks like by watching it die.  When you start antifungals, you may see die off symptoms and those die off symptoms are generally the same as the actual symptoms only more extreme.  In my son's case, die off was sticking his hands in his mouth, inability to go to sleep, inability to stay asleep, hyperactivity, inattentiveness, inability to focus, slight increase in aggression and whininess.  But surprise!  Not all of these symptoms are exclusive to yeast.  And since die off isn't the most comfortable thing to go through, it's not surprising that you would see some of these symptoms.  So now you really need to watch your child and simply learn.  I learned that as soon as his hands start going in his mouth, it means yeast.  This is something that simply doesn't happen any other time with him so I've easily been able to use it to identify yeast issues.  When combined with waking up in the middle of the night for several hours, I then know yeast is &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;really&lt;/span&gt; bad. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Night waking sucks. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;My biggest suggestion in learning your child's signs is to keep a journal if you can't keep it straight in your head.  And you'll also find that I use this suggestion a lot when it comes to learning about your child.  Keep a journal of everything from what you have started, when you started it, foods eaten, foods removed, behaviors you see and behaviors you don't.  Log everything from "nothing happened" to "the earth shook as s/he said his/her first word".  Journals will also help you keep a timeline so when you see something odd creep up, you can go back and see if you or your child did something different, forgot to do something, etc.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I'm veering off course, here, though so let's get back on track.  Yeast.  Here is a collection of symptoms I've picked up over the years from other parents.  Not all children have the same symptoms so just know that these are just possibilities.  As with all things biomed, there are rarely any definitive answers for everyone.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7880097506101865246-8967488584414057140?l=gryffins-tail.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/feeds/8967488584414057140/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7880097506101865246&amp;postID=8967488584414057140' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/8967488584414057140'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/8967488584414057140'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/2011/04/got-yeast.html' title='Got Yeast?'/><author><name>Cheryl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02333902683981665134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_pHPqYkd7IuI/TO1Egb1P4dI/AAAAAAAAADs/Gf88m5TsY7A/S220/me.jpeg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7880097506101865246.post-3603888393745973739</id><published>2011-03-21T19:57:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-03-21T19:57:53.499-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Zombie Apocalypse'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='This and That'/><title type='text'>And you thought zombies weren't real.</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Time, y'all. &amp;nbsp;It's just a matter of time.&amp;nbsp;Scientists are involved. &amp;nbsp;If you're using your handy-dandy once-was-fiction-but-not-anymore guides for zombie destruction (hint: double tap and aim for the brain), that's never good.&amp;nbsp;The zombie apocalypse is nigh. Zombie-proof your homes, build your compounds and prepare to hunker down. &amp;nbsp;With lots of ammo.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Brunel-for-Titles, georgia, times, serif; font-size: 36px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 40px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=fungus-makes-zombie-ants"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;Fungus Makes Zombie Ants Do All the Work&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: georgia, times, serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="articleDek" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font: normal normal normal 18px/24px Prelude, arial, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 7px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;A tropical fungus has adapted to infect ants and force them to chomp, with surprising specificity, into perfectly located leaves before killing them and taking over their bodies&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="articleDek" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font: normal normal normal 18px/24px Prelude, arial, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 7px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;*Thanks to&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://confessionsofawanderingheart.blogspot.com/2011/03/oh-my-god.html"&gt;Confessions from Suite 500&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;for bringing this to my attention.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7880097506101865246-3603888393745973739?l=gryffins-tail.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/feeds/3603888393745973739/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7880097506101865246&amp;postID=3603888393745973739' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/3603888393745973739'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/3603888393745973739'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/2011/03/and-you-thought-zombies-werent-real.html' title='And you thought zombies weren&apos;t real.'/><author><name>Cheryl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02333902683981665134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_pHPqYkd7IuI/TO1Egb1P4dI/AAAAAAAAADs/Gf88m5TsY7A/S220/me.jpeg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7880097506101865246.post-3395714338679415073</id><published>2011-02-23T19:56:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-03-05T09:03:03.801-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='chelation'/><title type='text'>Let's get one thing straight</title><content type='html'>Chelation doesn't kill.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;After reading yet one more person ask the (stupid) question: &lt;b&gt;how many more children will die from chelation&lt;/b&gt;, I'm unable to keep quiet. My response is: I dunno. Why don't you tell me how many already have? Because I don't know of any. Name one.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There are a lot of untruths in the world, especially when it comes to autism and biomed.  One of the most heinous tidbits that gets passed around is that chelation kills.  People seem to like throwing that out there to illustrate the dangers of chelation.  What they can't do is tell you who died. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;That's because no child has died from chelation.  ONE boy died a very tragic death when he was given the wrong drug.  ONE. And let me say this again in case you missed it the first time: it wasn't from chelation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The fact of the matter is, he was given the wrong medication and did die as a result. The boy's name was Abubakar Tariq Nadama. It was and still is tragic. My heart goes out to his family every time I say or write his name because it can't be easy to have it out there, his death circulating to fuel a debate that shouldn't even exist if scientists were even remotely willing to listen. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There are lots of stories online that make a lot of claims and assumptions but it wasn't chelation that killed him, it was the wrong drug. This was in 2005. Here is an article on the autopsy report the Pittsburgh Post Gazette &lt;span class="s1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06018/639721.stm"&gt;http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06018/639721.stm&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Yes, the CDC was involved. I specifically chose not to send a link from a pro-biomed source so you can see that it's not something just made up by the autism community.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;You can google his name and you will find a slew of negative things being said. I'm telling you this because the information is readily available and much of it is completely unreliable - but out there. It's easy for people that don't actually know anything about it to sling the mud. It's easy for those that only hear the horror of Tariq's death to sit in judgment. They only needed a death to use as cannon fodder in their attempts to make every parent that has ever done, is doing or plans to do any kind of biomed look like a bunch of kooks. What do they care what really happened?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yes. A boy died. It's the absolute truth. They like to leave out certain details in order to make themselves sound more compelling, though (the part they &lt;i&gt;don't&lt;/i&gt; say is rather important to the debate - which is why they leave it out). Certain details that change the entire story from being "a boy died from chelation" to "a boy died because someone was careless and gave him the wrong drug." It's used to somehow &lt;i&gt;prove&lt;/i&gt; that chelation is dangerous and terrible and unfounded. It's tragic and the whole ordeal has been claimed as some kind of pawn in the autism vs. the rest of medicine game. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;His story keeps getting passed around and somehow, it keeps sounding like this is something that just happened recently and then there's confusion that this is a &lt;i&gt;new&lt;/i&gt; boy, a &lt;i&gt;new &lt;/i&gt;death. It's not. &amp;nbsp;It's one boy's story being told over and over trying to make people believe it happened yesterday and trying to make people believe that chelation is unwarranted - something that today is still unproven &lt;i&gt;either way&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The drug that &lt;i&gt;should&lt;/i&gt; have been given and the drug that &lt;i&gt;was&lt;/i&gt; given looked identical. &amp;nbsp;When a similar situation happened with &lt;a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/05/26/us-quaid-idUSTRE64O6R220100526"&gt;Dennis Quaid and his gorgeous twins&lt;/a&gt; (thankfully they are fine, now), there was outrage that something like this could even happen. &amp;nbsp;How could they make the packaging look so similar? &amp;nbsp;He was fortunate enough to have the funds and the celebrity to make people take notice. When it happens in autism, it's used as phoney&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;evidence against parents and practitioners. &amp;nbsp;There is no other medical condition that I can think of that continues to be as viciously polarizing as autism.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Safety and efficacy of the choices anyone makes should always be researched. &amp;nbsp;There's plenty of debate &lt;i&gt;within&lt;/i&gt; biomed about the different types of chelation therapies and their safety. &amp;nbsp;Chelation drugs are just that, drugs. &amp;nbsp;They carry risk but probably not any more dangerous than other common prescription and OTC drugs. &amp;nbsp;I can't guarantee that, I'm not a scientist, but chelation has been an alternative treatment for autism (as well as many other conditions) for a very long time and as far as I can tell, no one has died from it. &amp;nbsp;Precautions should be taken - it can cause damage when not done properly just like most other things in life. &amp;nbsp;Research should be done. &amp;nbsp;Understand the different types of chelation, how they work, the success rates and all the other bits of data that will help you make the right decision &lt;i&gt;for you, &lt;/i&gt;even if that means you end up not chelating at all.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A family was crushed and will never fully recover. I don't blame the parents for any reaction they have, even if it's to rain down hellfire on any kind of alternative treatments. They have that right, they lost a child in their quest for help. &amp;nbsp;I don't know how I would react in their shoes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;He needs to be remembered for being a boy that needed help. A boy that could have had a future and parents that could have had their son for so much longer than they got. A boy that died because of a mistake. Not some poster-child to support an agenda he doesn't even fit.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7880097506101865246-3395714338679415073?l=gryffins-tail.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/feeds/3395714338679415073/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7880097506101865246&amp;postID=3395714338679415073' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/3395714338679415073'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/3395714338679415073'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/2011/02/lets-get-one-thing-straight.html' title='Let&apos;s get one thing straight'/><author><name>Cheryl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02333902683981665134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_pHPqYkd7IuI/TO1Egb1P4dI/AAAAAAAAADs/Gf88m5TsY7A/S220/me.jpeg'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7880097506101865246.post-6265618217117810162</id><published>2011-02-18T22:28:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-02-18T22:28:13.882-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Events and Fundraising'/><title type='text'>A.Skate Foundation Event!</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://img.ymlp.com/3rjb_1in91flyer_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://img.ymlp.com/3rjb_1in91flyer_1.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Pre-sale tickets available now! &amp;nbsp;New deck also available! &amp;nbsp;You can find out more info &lt;a href="http://ymlp.com/z5BE6Y"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;! &amp;nbsp;And there will probably be less exclamation points!&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7880097506101865246-6265618217117810162?l=gryffins-tail.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/feeds/6265618217117810162/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7880097506101865246&amp;postID=6265618217117810162' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/6265618217117810162'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/6265618217117810162'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/2011/02/askate-foundation-event.html' title='A.Skate Foundation Event!'/><author><name>Cheryl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02333902683981665134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_pHPqYkd7IuI/TO1Egb1P4dI/AAAAAAAAADs/Gf88m5TsY7A/S220/me.jpeg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7880097506101865246.post-448894025203280704</id><published>2011-02-17T22:32:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-02-17T22:32:57.035-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Vaccines'/><title type='text'>Dr. Mercola: 60 Lab Studies Now Confirm Cancer Link...</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h1 style="color: #cc0000; font-size: 30px; height: 68px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;60 Lab Studies Now Confirm Cancer Link to a Vaccine You Probably Had as a Child&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dr. Mercola and I don't always agree. &amp;nbsp;He neither knows this, nor would he likely care if he did. &amp;nbsp;It's not like I have any kind of actual significance to the world-at-large. &amp;nbsp;He's got a &lt;a href="http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2011/02/18/leading-vaccine-doctor-states-cancer-linked-to-polio-vaccine.aspx"&gt;great post&lt;/a&gt;, though, on vaccines that I thought you might be interested in checking out if you haven't already.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7880097506101865246-448894025203280704?l=gryffins-tail.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/feeds/448894025203280704/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7880097506101865246&amp;postID=448894025203280704' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/448894025203280704'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/448894025203280704'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/2011/02/dr-mercola-60-lab-studies-now-confirm.html' title='Dr. Mercola: 60 Lab Studies Now Confirm Cancer Link...'/><author><name>Cheryl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02333902683981665134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_pHPqYkd7IuI/TO1Egb1P4dI/AAAAAAAAADs/Gf88m5TsY7A/S220/me.jpeg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7880097506101865246.post-8104435547563451490</id><published>2011-02-17T22:10:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-02-17T22:10:18.589-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Conferences'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='This and That'/><title type='text'>Autism Journey Seminar</title><content type='html'>&lt;style type="text/css"&gt;p.p1 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; line-height: 15.0px; font: 13.0px Georgia}p.p2 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; line-height: 15.0px; font: 13.0px Georgia; min-height: 15.0px}p.p3 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; line-height: 15.0px; font: 13.0px Georgia; color: #1e66ae}span.s1 {color: #000000}span.s2 {text-decoration: underline}&lt;/style&gt;   &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="p1"&gt;And after having to speak the name of that-other-organization-that-is-the-object-of-my-disdain, I'm going to follow it up with one I adore!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p1"&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.tacanow.org/wp-content/themes/TACA/images/taca-logo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://www.tacanow.org/wp-content/themes/TACA/images/taca-logo.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Saturday, March 5, 2011&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p1"&gt;9 a.m.-4 p.m.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p1"&gt;TACA Foundation Office&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p1"&gt;3070 Bristol St, Suite 340&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p1"&gt;Costa Mesa, CA 926260&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p2"&gt;Register Online at &lt;a href="https://www.tacanow.org/store/home.php?cat=274"&gt;&lt;span class="s2"&gt;https://www.tacanow.org/store/home.php?cat=274&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; or call&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p1"&gt;&lt;span class="gc-cs-link" id="gc-number-5" title="Call with Google Voice"&gt;949.640.4401&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p2"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Individual - Parent/Caregiver - $20&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p1"&gt;Couple - Parents/Caregivers - $35&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p2"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p1"&gt;Includes lunch&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p2"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p1"&gt;Goals of the Seminar&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p1"&gt;After receiving the diagnosis of autism for a beloved child (or&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p1"&gt;children), parents typically struggle as they search through various&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p1"&gt;resources to locate information needed to help their child the fastest.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p1"&gt;The goal of the one-day Autism Journey orientation is to provide parents&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p1"&gt;and caretakers the ³jump start² they need at the beginning of their&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p1"&gt;journey from parents who have ³been there, done that.² In addition to&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p1"&gt;sage advice, parents who attend will receive: an overview of beginning&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p1"&gt;therapies and biomedical intervention, where to go for what information,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p1"&gt;and recommended first steps. The seminar will be given by experienced&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p1"&gt;parents who volunteer their time in providing the education new parents&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p1"&gt;need.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p2"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p1"&gt;Who should Attend?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p1"&gt;This one-day seminar is geared for parents and caretakers of children&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p1"&gt;affected by autism. Content will be provided in an overview&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p1"&gt;presentation with web and book resource information for additional&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p1"&gt;details. This seminar is geared to parents and caretakers new to the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p1"&gt;autism journey (less than 15 months) who have not yet started a&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p1"&gt;behavioral/educational program or biomedical testing and interventions.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7880097506101865246-8104435547563451490?l=gryffins-tail.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/feeds/8104435547563451490/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7880097506101865246&amp;postID=8104435547563451490' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/8104435547563451490'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/8104435547563451490'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/2011/02/autism-journey-seminar.html' title='Autism Journey Seminar'/><author><name>Cheryl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02333902683981665134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_pHPqYkd7IuI/TO1Egb1P4dI/AAAAAAAAADs/Gf88m5TsY7A/S220/me.jpeg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7880097506101865246.post-4546369903346083192</id><published>2011-02-17T21:51:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-02-17T22:15:37.676-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='This and That'/><title type='text'>My response to Autism Speaks</title><content type='html'>Autism Speaks. &amp;nbsp;Just saying that name kind of turns my stomach a little. &amp;nbsp;They do some good things but mostly they just take money away from organizations that actually do something worthwhile. &amp;nbsp;Maybe I'm being a little harsh. &amp;nbsp;I accept that and take responsibility for it. &amp;nbsp;It just might be a bit unfair.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But then they say things like &lt;a href="http://blog.autismspeaks.org/2011/02/17/change-the-conversation/#comment-13581"&gt;this&lt;/a&gt; and it just reaffirms my distaste for them. &amp;nbsp;Go ahead. &amp;nbsp;Read it now. I'll wait. &amp;nbsp;(I can't tell you how much it pains me just to send traffic to them to read the blog posting but those damned copyright laws are pesky.) &amp;nbsp;When you get back, if you haven't read all the comments, I'll have my comment pasted below.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So? &amp;nbsp;Were you pissed, too? &amp;nbsp;Here was my response:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 17px;"&gt;No. It’s not time to change the conversation. I guess you think you have things all figured out. Your novel studies happen to be telling us what we already know, thank you very much. We’ve known early intervention is the key many years before you existed and just about every parent here can tell you we knew something was wrong by 6 months to a year or the day something changed, usually right after a vaccine or illness when it’s a sudden change. Behavioral therapy has also been the go to therapy since well before AS. So thanks for trying to take credit for all of that. I guess Lovaas doesn’t exist in your world. We also know a lot already about how to help our kids’ medical issues – what we need is mainstream acceptance and support to continue that area of study. So while you’re spending your money trying to figure out what we already know, the rest of us will keep discussion going that actually is useful – like what is happening to our children?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 17px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I’m also quite tired of hearing each individual person say how vaccines had nothing to do with their child’s autism. Sure, it may be true. I don’t claim to have the answer. And if it is true – that’s great. There are plenty of typical kids that aren’t affected by vaccines, either – it’s unrealistic to expect that ASD kids aren’t in that mix, too. But what about those of us that did? Do we not get a voice because you feel it had nothing to do with your child? Or what about your children’s children? Wouldn’t you want to know if they have a risk of vaccine damage?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;The mentality of medicine as a science hasn’t changed much in the hundreds of year of its existence. It takes too long to get the medical community to wake up. If they don’t understand something, it must not exist. There was a time they gave women with PMS lobotomies, too. If you think that mentality has changed and we’ve somehow evolved beyond that, you’d be wrong. We make the same mistakes, only now we have shiny new technology with which to make those mistakes and be bullheaded stubborn in our desire to be right. The focus should be on the truth, not who’s right or wrong and we aren’t going to get there by letting Big Pharma do their own studies to show how their products are perfectly safe.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Drugs are put out all the time that aren’t safe – and they know it, both the companies and the FDA. Thank you, Vioxx, a shining example of how the more things change, the more they stay the same.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;There are too many cases of “it didn’t happen to me so it must not be true” going around and it doesn’t do anyone any good. It doesn’t help get an answer. The same is true for those raising their hands saying, “I had my kid when I was 20 so it’s not age.” Stop dismissing things simply because it didn’t happen to you because there’s still time.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;AS might be satisfied with the so-called studies that say vaccines are safe, but I’m not and neither are many other parents of children so obviously affected by them.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Occam’s Razor, people. It’s not that difficult of a concept.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I’m not one of those people that think vaccines are the smoking gun. With so many different kids with such unique issues, causation is not going to be the same for everyone. Treatments on my viral kid don’t work as well with a PANDAS kid or a gut kid or a metals kid or combination kids. I’m one of those people that believe there’s a fully-automatic machine gun shooting many different bullets and I don’t think trying to find them is as much of a waste of time as you apparently do. Yeah. Thanks for that, too. Thanks for caring about our kids so much that the getting a *real* answer just isn’t that important to you. My grandkids thank you, too.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I don’t deny that AS has made an impact. Some of it is even good, sort of. If you think you got insurance to cover ABA, well, I guess you sorta did but it’s funny how parents are still being denied by insurance in states that supposedly now have insurance coverage. But I guess you can still pat yourself on the back for that. But don’t you wonder why you have so many autism families that refuse to give you a dime? And doesn’t that matter to you?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;If this sounds like I’m angry, it’s because I am. You start your blog by saying, “We still need answers to too many questions regarding causes and treatments…” and then dismiss any such conversation on just that. Wonderful work. Keep up the good job. It’s doing wonders for you, really.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7880097506101865246-4546369903346083192?l=gryffins-tail.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/feeds/4546369903346083192/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7880097506101865246&amp;postID=4546369903346083192' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/4546369903346083192'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/4546369903346083192'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/2011/02/my-response-to-autism-speaks.html' title='My response to Autism Speaks'/><author><name>Cheryl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02333902683981665134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_pHPqYkd7IuI/TO1Egb1P4dI/AAAAAAAAADs/Gf88m5TsY7A/S220/me.jpeg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7880097506101865246.post-5764604501316248341</id><published>2011-02-17T13:08:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-02-17T13:08:50.198-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='This and That'/><title type='text'>Big Pharma is at it again</title><content type='html'>What is it about pharmaceutical companies that make them think it's okay to push drugs on society against their will? &amp;nbsp;Flouride and chromium are in our water supply. &amp;nbsp;Now they want to add statins to the mix. &amp;nbsp;Seriously, people. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Are you okay with being drugged? &amp;nbsp;Are you okay with the cities, companies and health officials deciding what medicine you need to be taking?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Statins have serious side-effects and they want to add it to drinking water - water our children drink. &amp;nbsp;Water &amp;nbsp;that we all drink. &amp;nbsp;If you don't already have a good filter in your house, you might want to consider one now.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It's been said our water supply &lt;a href="http://bit.ly/e2KcpE"&gt;already has statins&lt;/a&gt;. &amp;nbsp;I don't know if that's true or not but I can tell you that I've had enough of other people telling me what's "good for me." &amp;nbsp;Science fiction has met reality a little too many times in recent history.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sometimes I wish I had 500 acres in Wyoming or Montana and lived off the grid. &amp;nbsp;Actually, I wish that more than sometimes, I wish it every day. &amp;nbsp;Lotto, when are you going to call my numbers?&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7880097506101865246-5764604501316248341?l=gryffins-tail.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/feeds/5764604501316248341/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7880097506101865246&amp;postID=5764604501316248341' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/5764604501316248341'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/5764604501316248341'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/2011/02/big-pharma-is-at-it-again.html' title='Big Pharma is at it again'/><author><name>Cheryl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02333902683981665134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_pHPqYkd7IuI/TO1Egb1P4dI/AAAAAAAAADs/Gf88m5TsY7A/S220/me.jpeg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7880097506101865246.post-2635135038374376161</id><published>2011-02-09T19:18:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-02-09T19:18:36.822-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='In The News'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Vaccines'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='This and That'/><title type='text'>Dr. Mercola interviews Dr. Wakefield</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://www.wpclipart.com/medical/doctor_equipment/syringe/.cache/syringe.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img alt="   syringe" border="0" src="http://www.wpclipart.com/medical/doctor_equipment/syringe/.cache/syringe.png" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;More evidence supporting Dr. Wakefield is surfacing. &amp;nbsp;Scientists at Wake Forest University School of Medicine, North Carolina have tested 82 kids so far. &amp;nbsp;70 are positive for vaccine strain measles in the gut. Here is an article by &lt;a href="http://bit.ly/dJAY5k"&gt;Sally Beck&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;that is sure to get you thinking.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dr. Mercola has a Youtube of his interview with Dr. Wakefield &lt;a href="http://bit.ly/hmeM3v"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I can't say that I won't be surprised if this new study gets completely ignored, or worse, trashed by the media.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What do you think will happen? &amp;nbsp;Do you think this is a losing battle no matter what we do or do you think that people are going to start seeing the connection despite the media?&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7880097506101865246-2635135038374376161?l=gryffins-tail.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/feeds/2635135038374376161/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7880097506101865246&amp;postID=2635135038374376161' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/2635135038374376161'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/2635135038374376161'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/2011/02/dr-mercola-interviews-dr-wakefield.html' title='Dr. Mercola interviews Dr. Wakefield'/><author><name>Cheryl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02333902683981665134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_pHPqYkd7IuI/TO1Egb1P4dI/AAAAAAAAADs/Gf88m5TsY7A/S220/me.jpeg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7880097506101865246.post-6719635851253663552</id><published>2011-02-03T10:18:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-02-03T10:19:12.144-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Conferences'/><title type='text'>Integrative Biomedical Treatment Options for Children and Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://www.aboard.memberlodge.com/Content/Pictures/Picture.ashx?PicId=77783" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://www.aboard.memberlodge.com/Content/Pictures/Picture.ashx?PicId=77783" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px;"&gt;Integrative Biomedical Treatment Options Conference&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="p1"&gt;9:00 a.m. - 3:00 p.m.&lt;br /&gt;Holiday Inn&lt;br /&gt;Pittsburgh Airport&lt;br /&gt;Saturday, March 19, 2011&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p1"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Featuring:&lt;br /&gt;-Gut Biology, Pathology, and Treatment Strategies in Patients With Autism Spectrum Disorders&lt;br /&gt;Anju Usman, MD&lt;br /&gt;-Autism and the Autonomic Nervous System&lt;br /&gt;Anju Usman, MD&lt;br /&gt;-Raising a Healthy Child in a Toxic World&lt;br /&gt;Suruchi Chandra, MD&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p1"&gt;Register &lt;a href="http://www.aboard.memberlodge.com/Default.aspx?pageId=260524&amp;amp;eventId=259374&amp;amp;EventViewMode=EventDetails"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p1"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7880097506101865246-6719635851253663552?l=gryffins-tail.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/feeds/6719635851253663552/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7880097506101865246&amp;postID=6719635851253663552' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/6719635851253663552'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/6719635851253663552'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/2011/02/integrative-biomedical-treatment.html' title='Integrative Biomedical Treatment Options for Children and Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders'/><author><name>Cheryl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02333902683981665134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_pHPqYkd7IuI/TO1Egb1P4dI/AAAAAAAAADs/Gf88m5TsY7A/S220/me.jpeg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7880097506101865246.post-1670678853092065956</id><published>2011-01-31T08:48:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-01-31T08:48:43.671-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Bewares and Cautionary Tales'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='This and That'/><title type='text'>When common sense isn't enough: Vitamin A toxicity</title><content type='html'>This is a post I've been wanting to do for a while but I had to wait for permission from the mom. &amp;nbsp;Of course, my e-mail to her was buried underneath 2000 other e-mails so it took her a while to get back to me. I needed to ask because even though I won't use her name, anyone on the same listserve will know who I am talking about and that could be unpleasant without permission. &amp;nbsp;Luckily, she saw my e-mail and gave me her blessing. &amp;nbsp;Big hugs and kisses to Mom.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I talk a lot about the necessity of common sense. &amp;nbsp;But what happens when you &lt;i&gt;do&lt;/i&gt; use it and you still have problems? &amp;nbsp;This is an example of a mom that did all the right things but no one could figure out the problem.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mom discovered DAN and found a doctor for her child. &amp;nbsp;Of course, she was very excited to get the ball rolling. &amp;nbsp;Her DAN did all the labs and gave out the basic supplement list to start on.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;After going on for a bit, she starts doing more.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The problems started slowly. &amp;nbsp;She thought it was the antiviral at first because the symptoms started popping up after adding it. &amp;nbsp;That's a reasonable first guess. &amp;nbsp;Maybe he's allergic.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;He continued to decline. &amp;nbsp;He got very sickly, cracked lips, started losing his hair, peeling skin, vomitting, the works.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Mom did the right thing. &amp;nbsp;She took her son to his ped. &amp;nbsp;The ped couldn't figure out what was wrong. &amp;nbsp;Mom got referral after referral and really, no one could figure this out. &amp;nbsp;This boy saw a ped, a cardiologist and, I believe, an infectious disease specialist and an autoimmune specialist. &amp;nbsp;No one could find the answer. &amp;nbsp;He was tested for Kawasaki Syndrome and PANDAS, got an EKG, an Echo and hosts of other tests.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There were mulitple e-mails to the list for parent help &lt;i&gt;and&lt;/i&gt; doctor's visits - this is important to note. &amp;nbsp;She didn't just wait for parents to tell her what was wrong with her son. &amp;nbsp;This is the perfect example of using common sense. &amp;nbsp;Don't ever simply rely on parents to know the answers. &amp;nbsp;And don't rely on any answers they give to be right. &amp;nbsp;We're just parents, after all, not doctors. &amp;nbsp;Parents are for ideas and information and experience, not a diagnosis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The first e-mails came in October. &amp;nbsp; This went on for some time and he just progressively kept getting worse. &amp;nbsp;She was terrified, and with good reason. &amp;nbsp;She went to doctors and she was still being bounced around to other doctors and specialists, all trying to help her figure this out. &amp;nbsp;Scary doesn't even begin to describe it, as I'm sure you can all understand. &amp;nbsp;These are our babies.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;One day, she sends one last panicked e-mail asking for help and feeling like the Worst Mom Ever.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Slowly but surely, we tease out more and more information until we can put the shattered pieces of this particular puzzle together. We all think she should stop everything in the meantime, at least until this gets sorted out. &amp;nbsp;We continue for the next day or two asking more questions and getting more specific and we finally hit upon it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.3dchem.com/imagesofmolecules/vitamina.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img alt="Picture of Vitamin A" border="0" height="200" src="http://www.3dchem.com/imagesofmolecules/vitamina.jpg" width="192" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Vitamin A molecule&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;I don't call her actions outside the realm of common sense because we expect to be able to listen to our doctor. &amp;nbsp;Mainstream medicine encourages it, even. &amp;nbsp;The media encourages. &amp;nbsp;And doctors expect it. &amp;nbsp;How many times have you been poo-pooed by your doctor for mentioning something you learned on the web and they told you not to pay attention to it? &amp;nbsp;How many doctors told you vaccines were perfectly safe? &amp;nbsp;We &lt;i&gt;want&lt;/i&gt; to believe in them.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I also don't know the details of whether or not Mom told the many doctors she was sent to what supplements her child was on or the dosages. &amp;nbsp;I would hope the doctors she saw would've asked. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I also don't know if this was a simple misunderstanding between her and the DAN that had not so simple repercussions. &amp;nbsp;Here's the thing about misunderstandings: &amp;nbsp;if, in you're mind, you fully understand, you're not likely to ask questions. &amp;nbsp;There's no way to use common sense in a situation where you think you already are - I think we can all relate to this concept.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;She was giving toxic doses of Vitamin A. &amp;nbsp;Add that to the amount of Vitamin A found in CLO and the multi she was likely giving and she well exceeded the &lt;a href="http://www.vitamins-supplements.org/vitamin-A.php"&gt;toxic dosage amount&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;for daily use. &amp;nbsp;And she'd been doing this for several months. &amp;nbsp;The symptoms of toxicity just happened to coincide with her starting antivirals. &amp;nbsp;This is where being human is simply an epic fail. &amp;nbsp;She listened to her DAN and didn't look up the dosages on her own to see if they were safe. &amp;nbsp;She didn't expect to &lt;i&gt;need&lt;/i&gt; to. &amp;nbsp;And when everything is going according to the way things are supposed to, she &lt;i&gt;shouldn't&lt;/i&gt; be expected to know and she &lt;i&gt;should&lt;/i&gt; be able to trust her doctor. &amp;nbsp;But we all know that things never go the way they are supposed to go - we wouldn't be autism parents if that weren't the case.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;She was giving 10,000 IU of vitamin A daily for about three months.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Symptoms of &lt;a href="https://health.google.com/health/ref/Hypervitaminosis+A"&gt;Hypervitaminosis A&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="snippet" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Abnormal softening of the skull bone (craniotabes -- infants and children)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Blurred vision&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Bone pain or swelling&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Bulging fontanelle (infants)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Changes in consciousness&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Decreased appetite&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Dizziness&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Double vision (young children)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Drowsiness&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Fatigue&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Headache&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Impotence and ejaculation failure&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="https://health.google.com/health/ref/Increased+intracranial+pressure"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Increased intracranial pressure&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Irritability&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Nausea&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="https://health.google.com/health/ref/Osteoporosis"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Osteoporosis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Poor weight gain (infants and children)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Skin and hair changes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Cracking at corners of the mouth&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Hair loss&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Higher sensitivity to sunlight&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Oily skin and hair (&lt;a href="https://health.google.com/health/ref/Seborrheic+dermatitis"&gt;seborrhea&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Skin peeling, itching&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Yellow discoloration of the skin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Swelling of breast tissue in men (gynecomastia)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Vision changes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Vomiting&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When we asked for dosages of her supplements, you could practically hear the collective yelling at computer screens: &amp;nbsp;STOP THE VITAMIN A!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No matter what, the thing is, she did everything right. &amp;nbsp;She went to doctors other than her DAN. &amp;nbsp;She went to specialists. &amp;nbsp;She didn't sit around and let things get worse waiting for parents to tell her what to do. &amp;nbsp;The doctors didn't have any answers for her, but she didn't cry on the couch like we all wish we could. &amp;nbsp;She actively sought professional help.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I'm happy announce that her son is fine. &amp;nbsp;She stopped the vitamin A and his hair has grown back, his skin isn't peeling and itching, and he's perfectly healthy. &amp;nbsp;She's very lucky that she didn't continue this, the damage could've been &lt;a href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0887/is_n6_v10/ai_10978169/"&gt;far worse&lt;/a&gt;. &amp;nbsp;But he's healthy and happy and doing very well now so there is a very happy ending to her ordeal. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What can we learn from this? &amp;nbsp;Don't be afraid to question your doctor. &amp;nbsp;And don't be afraid to google the dosages you are giving to your child of any supplement, no matter how trustworthy your DAN's reputation is - mistakes happen. &amp;nbsp;DANs and mainstream doctors are all human, too. &amp;nbsp;Understand what it is you are giving to your child &lt;i&gt;before&lt;/i&gt; you give it. &amp;nbsp;When you get your list to give to your child, look it up. &amp;nbsp;Look up toxicity levels. &amp;nbsp;Find out if you are being told to give it and then talk to your doctor about why that it is. &amp;nbsp;Many supplements simply don't have a toxicity level. &amp;nbsp;Others do. &amp;nbsp;Know which ones do.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;And before I get comments like, "lots of doctors prescribe that same dosage with no problems," clogging &amp;nbsp;up the comments - yipee skippy and yay for them. &amp;nbsp;That doesn't mean everyone can take that dosage - we all already know this: &amp;nbsp;each child is unique what works for one doesn't always work for another. &amp;nbsp;This high of a dosage should be closely monitored by a doctor when prescribed. &amp;nbsp;Whether or not alternative medicine uses higher dosages, it doesn't change the fact that there is toxicity and there is an amount that's widely accepted as toxic for daily use. &amp;nbsp;Just because alternative medicine can offer beautiful and wondrous therapies, it doesn't mean mainstream medicine is always wrong. &amp;nbsp;If she had known what is typically considered to be toxic, she could have made the choice to do it or not and if she chose to do it, she would've been on the lookout for toxicity symptoms and wouldn't have gone through what she went through. &amp;nbsp;So please, this isn't about arguing the merits of the dosage she was prescribed, clearly it wasn't right for her son and no one was even monitoring it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(I should mention that this post is in no way related to the &lt;a href="http://www.drrachelwest.com/Treatments/Vitamin-A-Therapy.aspx"&gt;High Dose Vitamin A protocol&lt;/a&gt;. &amp;nbsp;This protocol is &lt;i&gt;two days only.&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;There's a big difference between daily dosing and the High Dose Vitamin A protocol.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When there are problems and you need to see a doctor, don't withhold information about what your child is on. &amp;nbsp;I have no idea if this happened here and I'm not making any assumptions, I'm only reiterating that you need to tell your mainstream doctors, no matter how much they hate biomed. &amp;nbsp;That information could be what saves the day. &amp;nbsp;In this case, she may have done just that and they just didn't think to even do a Vitamin A test, I don't know. &amp;nbsp;No matter what, the information is important, especially when your child is on the line - what they do with that information is out of your hands.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When I asked her permission, she was happy to give it, hoping to help others not make the same mistakes. &amp;nbsp;Mom has suffered a lot of pain over this and I appreciate her bravery in allowing me to tell you how easily it can happen to anyone.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Please give her a big round of applause and thanks for allowing me to tell her story.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7880097506101865246-1670678853092065956?l=gryffins-tail.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/feeds/1670678853092065956/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7880097506101865246&amp;postID=1670678853092065956' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/1670678853092065956'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/1670678853092065956'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/2011/01/when-common-sense-isnt-enough-vitamin.html' title='When common sense isn&apos;t enough: Vitamin A toxicity'/><author><name>Cheryl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02333902683981665134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_pHPqYkd7IuI/TO1Egb1P4dI/AAAAAAAAADs/Gf88m5TsY7A/S220/me.jpeg'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7880097506101865246.post-4144101529310370491</id><published>2011-01-30T20:09:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-01-30T21:28:18.045-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Conferences'/><title type='text'>AutismOne/Generation Rescue 2011 Conference FREEEEEE!</title><content type='html'>Since we are on the subject of conferences, AutismOne/Generation Rescue 2011 is also coming up! &amp;nbsp;I'll post registration info when it's open.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.autismone.org/"&gt;&lt;img alt="AO" src="http://www.autismone.org/themes/zen/autismone/images/ao-logo.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center" style="color: #393939; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif, Georgia, Times; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 18pt;"&gt;A Gift from Our Family to Your Family&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 18pt;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 17pt; text-transform: uppercase;"&gt;FREE REGISTRATION TO THE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" style="color: #393939; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif, Georgia, Times; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 17pt; text-transform: uppercase;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 17pt; text-transform: uppercase;"&gt;AUTISMONE/GENERATION RESCUE 2011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" style="color: #393939; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif, Georgia, Times; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 17pt; text-transform: uppercase;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;CONFERENCE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Largest and Most Comprehensive International Autism Conference is now FREE&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 18pt;"&gt;Keynote Address Jenny McCarthy &amp;amp; Byron Katie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;50 Autism Experts&lt;br /&gt;5 Jam-Packed Days of Presentations&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;6+ Specialized Content Tracks&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"&gt;May 25 – 29, 2011, The Westin Hotel, Lombard, Illinois&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The future of autism recovery begins now!&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #393939; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif, Georgia, Times; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;"&gt;We are thrilled to bring you the, “Autism Recovery on a Budget: Empowering Parents,” conference registration for FREE.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="color: #393939; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif, Georgia, Times; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Recovery depends on education, not on how thick your wallet is. But first you need to know how to help your child. You need to know the most effective treatments and therapies. You need to know when certain interventions are appropriate and when they are not. You need to know hope is real.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #393939; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif, Georgia, Times; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;It’s time to open not only our hearts, but our home. And so it is with open arms we invite you to come and share with the AutismOne family what we have learned collectively over the past decade. It’s time to embrace every family affected.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #393939; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif, Georgia, Times; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Currently constructed autism costs too much. One of the biggest obstacles to recovering children has always been the cost of educating parents. We believe answers need to be free.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #393939; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif, Georgia, Times; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Each year we learn how to do more with less and each year the conference is a reflection of the ever-growing body of accumulated knowledge.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #393939; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif, Georgia, Times; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Each year we learn more about how to prevent autism or minimize its effect. Each year we learn more about dealing with autism in adolescence and adulthood. Each year we learn more about the underlying biomedical issues at work.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #393939; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif, Georgia, Times; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;This year we will have the chance to share with you what we have learned whether you are a woman thinking about having a child or a parent with a child aging out of the school system or a mom facing autism for the first time.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #393939; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif, Georgia, Times; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;This year we will help you learn about taking care of yourself. For the first time, this year, we will train practitioners to implement the biomedical mission of care.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #393939; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif, Georgia, Times; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;This year we will train more attorneys to fight for you and first responders to help protect your family. This year we will train more students to assist your child, advocates to challenge the system, teachers to educate your child, and professionals to embrace recovery.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #393939; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif, Georgia, Times; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;This year we welcome parents who have not had the opportunity to learn what they must to help the ones they love the most.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #393939; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif, Georgia, Times; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;We will teach you, we will guide you and provide you with the tools and education and together we will begin the journey of recovery.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #393939; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif, Georgia, Times; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #393939; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif, Georgia, Times; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;- Ed and Teri Arranga, conference directors and parents to Jarad and Ian.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #393939; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif, Georgia, Times; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #393939; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, serif, Georgia, Times; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt;"&gt;AutismOne &amp;amp; Generation Rescue&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt;"&gt;Announce&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt;"&gt;Autism Recovery on a Budget: Empowering Parents&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Get control of your child’s health while getting control of the costs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Wednesday, May 25 – Sunday, May 29&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;The Westin Lombard Yorktown Center, 70 Yorktown Center, Lombard, Illinois&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Autism Sticker Shock: How Can I Afford It?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;After the shock of diagnosis, one of the first thoughts parents have is, “I will spend whatever it takes to help my child.”&amp;nbsp;It’s understandable, but not the most helpful reaction. In fact, it can work against you. &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;Every parent worries about costs. It’s the silent alarm that goes off whenever a treatment is&amp;nbsp;considered. How much does it&amp;nbsp;cost? Can I afford it? &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Yes You Can!&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;You may think that the treatments your child needs must be expensive to be good.&amp;nbsp; We often mistakenly believe how much we spend directly relates to how much we can help our children.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9pt;"&gt;Lay down your fears. From palate to poops costs do not dictate quality. We’ll show you how to provide the best treatments without costing you an arm and a leg.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"&gt;&lt;div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Keynote: Saturday, May 28&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;JENNY MCCARTHY and BYRON KATIE: CARING FOR THE CAREGIVER&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7880097506101865246-4144101529310370491?l=gryffins-tail.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/feeds/4144101529310370491/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7880097506101865246&amp;postID=4144101529310370491' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/4144101529310370491'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/4144101529310370491'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/2011/01/autismonegeneration-rescue-2011.html' title='AutismOne/Generation Rescue 2011 Conference FREEEEEE!'/><author><name>Cheryl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02333902683981665134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_pHPqYkd7IuI/TO1Egb1P4dI/AAAAAAAAADs/Gf88m5TsY7A/S220/me.jpeg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7880097506101865246.post-1678072112731053829</id><published>2011-01-30T19:05:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-01-30T19:16:10.705-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Conferences'/><title type='text'>ARI 2011 Conference now open for registration</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 11px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ariconference.com/"&gt;&lt;img alt="Autism Research Institute" src="http://www.ariconference.com/ADI.with.animation/img/logo-ari-blue.png" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 11px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 11px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: Times; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Mark your calendars!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ariconference.com/"&gt;AUTISM RESEARCH INSTITUTE&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Spring 2011 Conference&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ariconference.com/atlanta/hotel.html" style="color: #005399; font-size: 12px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Renaissance Waverly Hotel&lt;/a&gt;Atlanta, GA| April 28-May 1&lt;br /&gt;Level 1 &amp;amp; 2 Practitioners | April 28-29&lt;br /&gt;General Sessions | April 29 - May 1&lt;br /&gt;Science Sessions | April 30 - May 1&lt;br /&gt;Nutrition Session | April 30&lt;br /&gt;Adult Issues Track | May 1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ariconference.com/atlanta/rates_parents.html" style="color: #005399; font-size: 12px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Parent/Caregiver Rates&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ariconference.com/atlanta/rates_parents.html" style="color: #005399; font-size: 12px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #9d080d; font-size: xx-small;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;REGISTER NOW!&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ariconference.com/atlanta/rates_parents.html" style="color: #005399; font-size: 12px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ariconference.com/atlanta/rates_clinicians.html" style="color: #005399; font-size: 12px; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Practitioner Rates&lt;span style="color: #9d080d; font-size: xx-small;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;REGISTER NOW!&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="style6" style="color: #9d080d; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7880097506101865246-1678072112731053829?l=gryffins-tail.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/feeds/1678072112731053829/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7880097506101865246&amp;postID=1678072112731053829' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/1678072112731053829'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/1678072112731053829'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/2011/01/ari-2011-conference-now-open-for.html' title='ARI 2011 Conference now open for registration'/><author><name>Cheryl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02333902683981665134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_pHPqYkd7IuI/TO1Egb1P4dI/AAAAAAAAADs/Gf88m5TsY7A/S220/me.jpeg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7880097506101865246.post-3150111411984112489</id><published>2011-01-27T21:30:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-01-27T21:54:46.827-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Viruses'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Prescription therapies'/><title type='text'>Antiviral Therapy 101, Part 3</title><content type='html'>I was asked why there is a concern with viral mutation if the dose isn't high enough. &amp;nbsp;I thought I would share my answer. &amp;nbsp;Here it is:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="p1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://blog.socialtoo.com/files/2009/09/flu-virus-e06074-ga.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="138" src="http://blog.socialtoo.com/files/2009/09/flu-virus-e06074-ga.jpg" width="200" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"&gt;My explanation for this is long, bear with me.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p2"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p1"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"&gt;I can't give a full-blown scientific explanation but I can try to explain it in layman's terms as I understand it. &amp;nbsp;Now, keep in mind that this is all from Dr. Goldberg. &amp;nbsp;I don't know why DAN or other lower dosing protocols &lt;i&gt;don't&lt;/i&gt; feel the same way so I have no way of even guessing if they may be wrong, right, or somewhere in the middle. &amp;nbsp;My own DAN even thinks that 2x is usually sufficient with no viral mutation but is not opposed to 3x a day and does see benefit. &amp;nbsp;But I can guess why they &lt;i&gt;might&lt;/i&gt; think 2x a day is fine, and that is half-life, which is the basis for all medicine dosage.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p2"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p1"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"&gt;We'll use Valtrex as our example. &amp;nbsp;The half-life of Valtrex is approximately 4 hours (some studies say more, some say less so 4 is about what I call the average, again, no science involved in my conclusion on that). &amp;nbsp;And also understand that when looking at half-life, the amount of drug in the system doesn't simply drop in equal numbers by the hour. &amp;nbsp;You don't start off taking 1000 mg and in 4 hours you have 500 mg in the system and in 7 hours you have 250 mg. &amp;nbsp;And this is probably why there is differentiation in results of half-life, there are other factors that come into play. &amp;nbsp;Again, I'm not a scientist and I have no idea how half-life really works as a function. &amp;nbsp;I only understand it as a concept. &amp;nbsp;Half-life simply means how long it takes for half the medicine to be gone from your system. &amp;nbsp;It doesn't necessarily mean that that is half the time it takes to leave your system.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p2"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p1"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"&gt;But before we go on to why half-life is important, we need to look at how the medicine works. &amp;nbsp;It works by inhibiting replication. &amp;nbsp;Different antivirals do this in different ways but this is the outcome: &amp;nbsp;viruses can't replicate. &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p2"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p1"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"&gt;Viruses, are not living organisms, just strands of DNA or RNA with a hard outer shell - they don't even qualify as being a single-celled organism. &amp;nbsp;Anyway, they inject themselves into host cells and hijack the replication system, encoding themselves into your DNA (maybe not &lt;i&gt;exactly&lt;/i&gt; like this but again, layman's terms) and that's how they replicate.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p2"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p1"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"&gt;Antivirals stop this process but they only work for as long as the drug is in the system. &amp;nbsp;I'm not sure what the threshold is for how much is necessary to have in the system for it to work. &amp;nbsp;Could be 500 mg, could be 5 mg, I don't know. &amp;nbsp;But think of it like this. &amp;nbsp;We know there are thresholds for something to work. &amp;nbsp;We know that underdosing an antibiotic will not kill the bacteria you are treating. &amp;nbsp;The same applies to supplements. &amp;nbsp;If you take 5mg of Vitamin C a day, it's not likely going to do anything but waste the time it takes to take the capsule and your money buying the bottle. &amp;nbsp;There's no effect until you reach a minimum amount of vitamin C a day.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p2"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p1"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"&gt;So now we get back to half-life. &amp;nbsp;You want to keep enough of the drug in the system to maintain a workable dosage in the body. &amp;nbsp;In NIDS, they want to keep a higher amount to ensure it's inhibiting replication. &amp;nbsp;Here's what I think &lt;i&gt;might&lt;/i&gt; be going on with DAN. &amp;nbsp;Because the half-life is about 4 hours, they may be assuming that every 8 hours is sufficient, they aren't concerned by the minimum threshold amount for it to work. &amp;nbsp;They just want you to take it at about the time the drug is almost completely out of the system. &amp;nbsp;NIDS isn't taking that chance. &amp;nbsp;It exponentially increases the amount of drug in the system so that by the time you go to bed, you have enough in the system to make it through the night without &lt;i&gt;running out.&lt;/i&gt; &amp;nbsp;(Now, keep in mind that I said I don't know the mechanics of half-life. &amp;nbsp;So I say exponentially but I don't truly know that that happens or the mechanics of it. &amp;nbsp;It might not be exponentially increasing the amount of drugs you have in your system, just like it does't exponentially decrease.) &amp;nbsp;With DAN, you are taking it once in the morning to get you through the day and then once in the evening to get you through the night. &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p2"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p1"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"&gt;Now, in my mind, if the life of a drug is approximately 8 hours (could be more, could be less because remember the above exponential problems we have, but we are just going to assume 8 for the purpose of trying to explain). &amp;nbsp;There are 24 hours in the day. &amp;nbsp;Taking it twice a day only covers 16 with a possible extension of maybe 4 hours but I find it hard to believe that it will cover a full 24 hours). &amp;nbsp;In 3 times a day, you have overlapped dosage before the dose runs out, so there is more in the system and this extends the length of time it's going to be in the system, hopefully covering the full 24 hours. &amp;nbsp;Now I could be &lt;i&gt;totally&lt;/i&gt; wrong in my understanding of this. &amp;nbsp;I do not claim to have the answers. &amp;nbsp;It's just my understanding and my working my way around the information I understand, which granted, I may only &lt;i&gt;think &lt;/i&gt;I understand.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p2"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p1"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"&gt;So how does this affect viral mutation? &amp;nbsp;Simple. &amp;nbsp;Viruses mutate. &amp;nbsp;When you allow replication to restart, that gives them an opportunity to mutate because that's when mutation occurs - replication. &amp;nbsp;The same is true of anything. &amp;nbsp;The cells in your body don't just mutate as they are in your body all whole and complete and doing their job, they mutate during replication. &amp;nbsp;The same is true of bacteria and the overuse of antibiotics. &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p2"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p1"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"&gt;By dosing 2x a day, you are leaving a gaping window of opportunity for replication.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p2"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p1"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"&gt;Here's the thing about mutations. &amp;nbsp;Everything mutates, viruses, bacteria, cells, DNA, &lt;i&gt;everything.&lt;/i&gt; &amp;nbsp;New flu strains come up every year, babies are born with genetic defects, etc. &amp;nbsp;Viruses aren't actively thinking, "I need to mutate to form a resistance to a drug." &amp;nbsp;They just mutate. &amp;nbsp;And because of the specificity of how antivirals inhibit replication, they can mutate themselves into drug resistance. &amp;nbsp;Antivirals can work simply by changing one little tiny protein that disrupts their current method of replication. &amp;nbsp;One mutation that doesn't involve that protein and it's resistant because antivirals are so specific. &amp;nbsp;Any tiny mutation could lead to resistance. &amp;nbsp;And the less complex the thing, the more significant the mutations can be. &amp;nbsp;This is why you don't see babies born with six toes every single day, in every single hospital. We are too complex and mutations within us aren't always so major or even remotely significant. &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p2"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p1"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"&gt;There isn't much info on antivirals, stealth viruses and mutation with autism, of course. &amp;nbsp;Where you tend to find the information on viral mutation with antiviral use is in the places where it is life threatening, namely - AIDS and other immunocompromised illnesses that have any potential to be fatal. &amp;nbsp;Most of the research done in this area is on AIDS patients. &amp;nbsp;Typically, when AIDS patients find that the antivirals don't work - it's not always because they are dosed wrong, but because as patients, they aren't taking it as directed. &amp;nbsp;They are skipping doses. &amp;nbsp;Of course, that's not the only reason, but it is major reason and a very important reminder that one must take these drugs appropriately if they are expected to work.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p2"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p1"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"&gt;Is DAN right in 2x a day, is it sufficient? &amp;nbsp;I can't say. &amp;nbsp;I can only tell you that this is how I've worked it out in my mind and I tend to think that 2x a day is generally not sufficient. &amp;nbsp;Since there are kids getting benefit from it at 2x a day is simply more proof that we just don't know. &amp;nbsp;Doctors Rx antivirals as low as 1x a day for some illnesses. &amp;nbsp;So the answer is really still a mystery to me no matter how I work it out trying to apply logic when I really don't know all the facts. &amp;nbsp;But this is the conclusion I came to. &amp;nbsp;And this is why, even though I no longer see a NIDS practitioner, I still choose to follow the NIDS dosing.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p2"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="p1"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"&gt;I have no idea if that helped or not. &amp;nbsp;And if anyone has anything to add or correct or clarify, hop on pop!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So that's my story. &amp;nbsp;I'm not sticking to it if you have something better to tell me. &amp;nbsp;You know where the comments are and my mind is always open.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7880097506101865246-3150111411984112489?l=gryffins-tail.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/feeds/3150111411984112489/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7880097506101865246&amp;postID=3150111411984112489' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/3150111411984112489'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/3150111411984112489'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/2011/01/antiviral-therapy-101-part-3.html' title='Antiviral Therapy 101, Part 3'/><author><name>Cheryl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02333902683981665134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_pHPqYkd7IuI/TO1Egb1P4dI/AAAAAAAAADs/Gf88m5TsY7A/S220/me.jpeg'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7880097506101865246.post-4828278579239087060</id><published>2011-01-26T22:55:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-01-26T22:55:08.065-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Blog Technical Difficulties'/><title type='text'>Gryffin's Tail Group and links</title><content type='html'>It was just brought to my attention that some of the study links I had weren't working. &amp;nbsp;Those should be fixed and you should not have to request membership into the Gryffin's Tail Google group to see them anymore. &amp;nbsp;I'm not sure what happened but a setting got switched.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gryffin's Tail Group is not a functioning group. &amp;nbsp;It is only a place for me to place .pdf files that I want to link to from this blog and you should never have to become a member to view any files.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If you tried to view a .pdf and couldn't, I apologize and you shouldn't have that problem anymore. &amp;nbsp;I hope.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7880097506101865246-4828278579239087060?l=gryffins-tail.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/feeds/4828278579239087060/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7880097506101865246&amp;postID=4828278579239087060' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/4828278579239087060'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7880097506101865246/posts/default/4828278579239087060'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gryffins-tail.blogspot.com/2011/01/gryffins-tail-group-and-links.html' title='Gryffin&apos;s Tail Group and links'/><author><name>Cheryl</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02333902683981665134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_pHPqYkd7IuI/TO1Egb1P4dI/AAAAAAAAADs/Gf88m5TsY7A/S220/me.jpeg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7880097506101865246.post-2458496055671751654</id><published>2011-01-26T08:19:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-01-26T08:19:40.236-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Studies'/><title type='text'>Mitochondrial dysfunction autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div id="cite"&gt;&lt;i&gt;From &lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html"&gt;Nature.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="cite" style="font-size: 10px;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="cite" style="font-size: 10px;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Molecular Psychiatry&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;advance online publication 25&amp;nbsp;January&amp;nbsp;2011; doi: 10.1038/mp.2010.136&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 id="atl" style="font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal;"&gt;Mitochondrial dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="free i b" style="color: #cc0033; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Open&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div id="aug" style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;D A&amp;nbsp;Rossignol&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#aff1" style="color: #3366cc;" title="affiliated with 1"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;and R E&amp;nbsp;Frye&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#aff2" style="color: #3366cc;" title="affiliated with 2"&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="affiliations-notes" style="font-size: 14px; padding-bottom: 1.5em;"&gt;&lt;ol style="font-size: 10px; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li id="aff1"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;International Child Development Resource Center, Melbourne, FL, USA&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="aff2"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology and Children's Learning Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;div class="caff" style="font-size: 10px;"&gt;Correspondence: Dr D Rossignol, International Child Development Resource Center, 3800 West Eau Gallie Boulevard, Melbourne, FL 32934, USA. E-mail:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="mailto:rossignolmd@gmail.com" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;rossignolmd@gmail.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="prdates" style="font-size: 10px;"&gt;Received 12&amp;nbsp;July&amp;nbsp;2010; Revised 27&amp;nbsp;November&amp;nbsp;2010; Accepted 6&amp;nbsp;December&amp;nbsp;2010; Published online 25&amp;nbsp;January&amp;nbsp;2011.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="abs" style="font-size: 14px; padding-bottom: 1.5em;"&gt;&lt;a class="backtotop" href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#top" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/arrow_white_up.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0.6em; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: white; float: right; font-size: 10px; margin-left: 7px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 5px; padding-left: 10px;"&gt;Top&lt;span class="hidden" style="height: 1px; left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; top: -500px; width: 1px;"&gt;of page&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #b72026; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: white; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 3px;"&gt;Abstract&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class="abs lead" style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;"&gt;A comprehensive literature search was performed to collate evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) with two primary objectives. First, features of mitochondrial dysfunction in the general population of children with ASD were identified. Second, characteristics of mitochondrial dysfunction in children with ASD and concomitant mitochondrial disease (MD) were compared with published literature of two general populations: ASD children without MD, and non-ASD children with MD. The prevalence of MD in the general population of ASD was 5.0&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;(95&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;confidence interval 3.2, 6.9&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;), much higher than found in the general population (~0.01&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;). The prevalence of abnormal biomarker values of mitochondrial dysfunction was high in ASD, much higher than the prevalence of MD. Variances and mean values of many mitochondrial biomarkers (lactate, pyruvate, carnitine and ubiquinone) were significantly different between ASD and controls. Some markers correlated with ASD severity. Neuroimaging,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;and post-mortem brain studies were consistent with an elevated prevalence of mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD. Taken together, these findings suggest children with ASD have a spectrum of mitochondrial dysfunction of differing severity. Eighteen publications representing a total of 112 children with ASD and MD (ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD) were identified. The prevalence of developmental regression (52&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;), seizures (41&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;), motor delay (51&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;), gastrointestinal abnormalities (74&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;), female gender (39&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;), and elevated lactate (78&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;) and pyruvate (45&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;) was significantly higher in ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD compared with the general ASD population. The prevalence of many of these abnormalities was similar to the general population of children with MD, suggesting that ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD represents a distinct subgroup of children with MD. Most ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD cases (79&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;) were not associated with genetic abnormalities, raising the possibility of secondary mitochondrial dysfunction. Treatment studies for ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD were limited, although improvements were noted in some studies with carnitine, co-enzyme Q10 and B-vitamins. Many studies suffered from limitations, including small sample sizes, referral or publication biases, and variability in protocols for selecting children for MD workup, collecting mitochondrial biomarkers and defining MD. Overall, this evidence supports the notion that mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with ASD. Additional studies are needed to further define the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="keyw-abbr" style="margin-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 0px;"&gt;&lt;h4 class="keywords" style="display: inline; font-size: 10px; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Keywords:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="keywords" style="display: inline; font-size: 10px; font-weight: bold;"&gt;autism; electron transport chain; meta-analysis; mitochondrial dysfunction; regression; systematic review&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="articlebody" style="font-size: 14px; padding-bottom: 1.5em;"&gt;&lt;div id="Introduction" style="padding-bottom: 1.5em;"&gt;&lt;a class="backtotop" href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#top" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/arrow_white_up.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0.6em; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: white; float: right; font-size: 10px; margin-left: 7px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 5px; padding-left: 10px;"&gt;Top&lt;span class="hidden" style="height: 1px; left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; top: -500px; width: 1px;"&gt;of page&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #b72026; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: white; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 3px;"&gt;Introduction&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em;"&gt;Autistic disorder, Asperger syndrome and pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified comprise a heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental disorders known as autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). ASDs are behaviorally defined by impairments in communication and social interaction along with restrictive and repetitive behaviors.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib1" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;An estimated 1 out of 110 individuals in the United States is currently affected with ASD, with a male-to-female ratio of 4.5:1.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib2" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;The etiology of ASD is not known in most cases, but a genetic component, possibly involving 15 or more loci, is widely accepted to contribute to the development of ASD.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib3" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;However, the robust phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity among individuals with ASD&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib4" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib5" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;has limited the case for a purely genetic etiology.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib6" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib7" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Indeed, it is becoming apparent that many children with ASD have associated underlying medical comorbidities, such as epilepsy, sleep disruption, mitochondrial dysfunction and gastrointestinal (GI) abnormalities.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib8" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib9" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib10" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib11" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib12" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib13" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em;"&gt;Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in several psychiatric&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib14" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib15" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;and neurological&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib16" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib17" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib18" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib19" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib20" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib21" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;21&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib22" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;22&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;disorders. Over 20 years ago, Coleman and Blass&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib23" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;23&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;hypothesized that individuals with ASD may have an abnormality in carbohydrate metabolism, and in 1998 Lombard&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib24" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;24&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;proposed that ASD may be a disorder of impaired mitochondrial function. Over the past decade, evidence has accumulated that some individuals with ASD have concomitant mitochondrial dysfunction, and some have proposed a ‘mitochondrial autism’ subgroup.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib25" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;Several review articles have been recently published concerning mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib9" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib26" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;26&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib27" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;27&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib28" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;28&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;However, to date, neither a systematic comprehensive review nor a meta-analysis of this recently evolving literature has been published. In this paper, we systematically review the evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD with the following specific objectives:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul class="disc" style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;To calculate the prevalence of mitochondrial dysfunction and clinical, biochemical, histological, and genetic markers of mitochondrial dysfunction in the general population of children with ASD.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;To calculate the effect size of the differences in the values of biochemical markers of mitochondrial dysfunction between the general population of children with ASD and control groups.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;To examine the clinical, biochemical, histological and genetic characteristics of children diagnosed with mitochondrial disease (MD) or mitochondrial dysfunction and concomitant ASD (referred to hereafter as ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD) and compare these characteristics with the general ASD population and to the general childhood MD population.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;To review studies examining the prevalence of ASD or autistic features in children with MD.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;To review studies correlating biomarker values of mitochondrial dysfunction with the severity of ASD symptoms.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;To review animal models of ASD with abnormal energy pathways.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;To examine treatments of mitochondrial dysfunction in children with ASD.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em;"&gt;Before presenting this analysis, we provide an overview of the importance of mitochondrial function in health and disease, with reference to mechanisms that overlap biochemical abnormalities associated with ASD. We also briefly discuss the standardized methods for diagnosing MD.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="Mitochondrial-function-in-health-and-disease" style="padding-bottom: 1.5em;"&gt;&lt;a class="backtotop" href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#top" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/arrow_white_up.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0.6em; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: white; float: right; font-size: 10px; margin-left: 7px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 5px; padding-left: 10px;"&gt;Top&lt;span class="hidden" style="height: 1px; left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; top: -500px; width: 1px;"&gt;of page&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #b72026; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: white; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 3px;"&gt;Mitochondrial function in health and disease&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em;"&gt;Mitochondria are distinct cellular organelles that generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy carrier in most mammalian cells, from adenosine diphosphate by oxidizing glucose and fatty acids (for a review, see Haas&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib29" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;29&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;). Acetyl-CoA is a key intermediate generated from the oxidation of glucose and fatty acids that is further metabolized by the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. The TCA cycle produces reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide transport energy to the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC), a series of reactions known as oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondria contain two plasma membranes, an inner and an outer membrane. The ETC is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and consists of five multi-subunit enzyme complexes (complexes I through V) and two electron carriers (ubiquinone, also known as co-enzyme Q10, and cytochrome&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;c&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib30" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;30&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;See&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#fig1" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;Figure 1&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;for an overview of mitochondrial function.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="figure-table" id="fig1" style="background-color: #eaeaea; margin-top: 2em; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 10px;"&gt;&lt;h5 class="norm" style="display: inline; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 10px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/fig_tab/mp2010136f1.html#figure-title" style="color: #3366cc; display: block; float: none;"&gt;Figure 1.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/fig_tab/mp2010136f1.html#figure-title" style="color: #3366cc; float: left;"&gt;&lt;img alt="Figure 1 - Unfortunately we are unable to provide accessible alternative text for this. If you require assistance to access this image, please contact help@nature.com or the author" class="thumb" src="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/thumbs/mp2010136f1th.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px;" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style="font-size: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 160px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px;"&gt;Mitochondrial function and the electron transport chain (ETC). Abbreviations: ADP, adenosine diphosphate; AKA,&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;α&lt;/span&gt;-ketoglutarate; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; CoQ, co-enzyme Q; Cyt C, cytochrome c; e, electron; FAD, flavin adenine dinucleotide; FADH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, reduced FAD; H, hydrogen; LCFA, long chain fatty acid; MCFA, medium chain fatty acid; NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NADH, reduced NAD; OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation; PDC, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex; SCFA, short chain fatty acid; TCA, tricarboxylic acid; I, complex I; II, complex II; III, complex III; IV, complex IV; V, complex V. The red arrows denote the flow of electrons in the ETC. The color reproduction of this figure is available on the html full text version of the article.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a class="full" href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/fig_tab/mp2010136f1.html#figure-title" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/full_figure.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366cc; display: block; float: none; font-size: 10px; margin-left: 160px; margin-top: 10px; padding-left: 25px;"&gt;Full figure and legend (144&lt;abbr title="Kilobyte"&gt;K&lt;/abbr&gt;)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a class="ppt" href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/slides/mp2010136-pf1.ppt" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/ppt.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366cc; display: block; float: none; font-size: 10px; margin-left: 160px; margin-top: 10px; padding-left: 25px;"&gt;Download Power&lt;span class="hidden" style="height: 1px; left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; top: -500px; width: 1px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Point slide (274&amp;nbsp;&lt;abbr title="Kilobyte"&gt;KB&lt;/abbr&gt;)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="cleardiv" style="clear: both; padding-bottom: 1.5em; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br class="clear" style="clear: both;" /&gt;&lt;div class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em;"&gt;Mitochondria are the only organelle in mammalian cells with their own genome. The ETC is coded by both mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear DNA (nDNA).&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib30" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;30&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;mtDNA contains 37 genes that code for 13 subunits of complexes I, III, IV and V, as well as the machinery required to translate and transcribe the mtDNA genes into ETC complex subunits. The remainder of the ETC complex subunits are coded by over 850 nDNA genes.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib31" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;31&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;nDNA also codes for mitochondrial enzymes that participate in carbohydrate and fatty acid oxidation. Thus, mutations in either genome can impair mitochondrial function and cause ETC complex deficiencies.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib32" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;32&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em;"&gt;The ETC is the predominant source and the major target of reactive oxygen species (ROS)&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib20" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib33" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;33&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;and is protected from damage caused by ROS by a mitochondrial-specific superoxide dismutase and antioxidants such as glutathione (GSH).&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib33" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;33&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Mitochondria lack the enzymes to synthesize GSH and therefore are dependent on cytosolic GSH production.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib34" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;34&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib35" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;35&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;The depletion of GSH in mitochondria makes cells more vulnerable to oxidative stress and damage from ROS originating from the mitochondria.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib36" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;36&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Additionally, factors that increase ROS production (such as, environmental toxicants, infections and autoimmune disease) can directly and indirectly lead to impairments in ETC activity,&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib27" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;27&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib37" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;37&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib38" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;38&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;deplete GSH,&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib37" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;37&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;and activate mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial-dependent biochemical cascades that result in programmed cell death (apoptosis).&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib39" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;39&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em;"&gt;Certain mammalian cells, such as neuronal and non-neuronal brain cells, are very vulnerable to oxidative stress (for example, damage caused by ROS). The high rate of oxygen delivery and consumption in the brain provides the oxygen molecules necessary to generate ROS. The brain's ability to withstand oxidative stress is limited because of: (a) a high content of substrates that are easily oxidized, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids; (b) relatively low levels of antioxidants, such as GSH and antioxidant enzymes; (c) the endogenous generation of ROS via several specific reactions; and (d) the endogenous generation of nitric oxide (NO), a compound that readily transforms into reactive nitrogen species. Furthermore, the brain is very vulnerable to oxidative damage because it contains non-replicating cells which, once damaged, may be permanently dysfunctional or committed to apoptosis.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib37" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;37&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib39" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;39&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em;"&gt;The number of mitochondria in each cell depends on the cellular energy demands. For example, low energy cells, such as skin cells, have fewer mitochondria, while cells that require high energy demands, such as muscle, liver, brain, cerebrovascular endothelium and GI cells, have many mitochondria. Neural synapses are areas of high energy consumption&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib40" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;40&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;and are therefore especially dependent on mitochondrial function.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib41" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;41&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Mitochondria are concentrated in the dendritic and axonal termini where they have an important role in ATP production, calcium homeostasis and synaptic plasticity.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib42" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;42&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib43" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;43&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to reduced synaptic neurotransmitter release, and neurons that have high firing rates, such as GABAergic interneurons, may be the most adversely affected.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib27" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;27&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Mitochondria also have an important role in cellular lipid metabolism, signaling and repair.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib44" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;44&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib45" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;45&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em;"&gt;MD was once thought to be uncommon but is now considered the most recognized cause of metabolic disease.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib30" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;30&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Despite increased recognition, the prevalence of MD is probably underestimated.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib46" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;46&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;The minimum birth prevalence of an ETC defect with onset at any age has been estimated at 1 in 7634 individuals (~0.01&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib47" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;47&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;More than 100 mtDNA deletions and over 150 mtDNA point mutations have been described in individuals with MD.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib29" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;29&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;MD has a broad phenotypic presentation: children with MD can have normal intelligence, mental retardation or developmental delay.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib48" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;48&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Stressors, such as dehydration, fever and infection can lead to a functional decline and neurodegenerative regression in individuals with MD.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib49" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;49&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib50" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;50&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em;"&gt;The diagnosis of MD can be challenging, and is based on several objective clinical, histological, biochemical, molecular, neuroimaging and enzymatic findings. Several major diagnostic criteria are used&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib51" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;51&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib52" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;52&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib53" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;53&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib54" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;54&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib55" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;55&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;to classify the probability of MD into: not likely, possible, probable or definite; individuals reaching the criteria for probable or definite are typically considered to have MD. The diagnostic criteria recognize several types of clinical presentations. These include primarily muscular or central nervous system presentations or multisystem presentations.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib54" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;54&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib55" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;55&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;In addition, patients can present clinically with one of the well-characterized mitochondrial syndromes.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib55" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;55&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Other important diagnostic features include abnormal histology (such as, ragged-red or blue fibers in skeletal muscle, or skeletal muscle with reduced cytochrome c oxidase or succinate dehydrogenase staining, or electron microscopy demonstrating abnormal mitochondria or subsarcolemmal mitochondrial accumulations), abnormal enzymology (significantly impaired ETC activity), identification of an mtDNA or nDNA mutation, abnormal neuroimaging and abnormal biochemical markers.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib54" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;54&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib55" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;55&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em;"&gt;No reliable biomarker exists to identify all cases of MD.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib29" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;29&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Biochemical markers of mitochondrial dysfunction described in the literature include direct (lactate, pyruvate, lactate-to-pyruvate ratio, ubiquinone, alanine, alanine-to-lysine ratio and acyl-carnitine) and indirect markers (creatine kinase (CK), carnitine, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and ammonia).&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib25" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib29" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;29&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib54" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;54&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib56" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;56&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib57" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;57&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;These markers can be abnormal for several reasons. For example, mitochondrial dysfunction impairs aerobic respiration, leading to a reduction in TCA cycle function resulting in an elevation in pyruvate (see&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#fig1" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;Figure 1&lt;/a&gt;). Pyruvate is metabolized to lactate and alanine, leading to elevations in these metabolites when pyruvate metabolism is impaired.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib30" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;30&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib56" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;56&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Inhibition of the TCA cycle may result in an elevation of TCA cycle intermediates. Inhibition of aerobic respiration also impairs fatty acid β-oxidation, leading to elevations in the concentrations of acyl-carnitines. Furthermore, anaerobic respiration increases when aerobic respiration is insufficient to meet cellular energy demands. As lactate is one of the end-products of anaerobic respiration, deactivation of aerobic respiration further elevates lactate. As a result of this, the measurement of plasma lactate can be helpful in the initial workup of mitochondrial dysfunction.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib30" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;30&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib54" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;54&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;However, lactate may be elevated only during illness, or not at all, in children with MD.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib48" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;48&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib57" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;57&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;In fact, normal cerebrospinal fluid or serum lactate levels do not rule out MD.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib48" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;48&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib58" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;58&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em;"&gt;Indirect markers of mitochondrial function can also be abnormal in MD. For example, depletion in total and free carnitine can occur as a consequence of excessive unprocessed fatty acids.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib56" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;56&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Ammonia may be elevated for at least two reasons. First, under anaerobic conditions, ammonia is produced when adenosine monophosphate is broken down into inosine monophosphate in order to replenish ATP. Second, as the urea cycle is partially located in the mitochondria, mitochondrial dysfunction can result in secondary urea cycle dysfunction and an elevation in ammonia. In addition, the integrity of certain high-energy tissues, such as muscle and liver, can be compromised from mitochondrial dysfunction, resulting in elevations in indicators of tissue damage such as CK, AST and&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;or ALT.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em;"&gt;Mitochondrial dysfunction can be classified as either primary or secondary.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib29" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;29&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;Primary mitochondrial dysfunction generally refers to mitochondrial dysfunction caused by a defect in a gene directly involved in the function of mitochondrial systems responsible for producing ATP, whereas secondary mitochondrial dysfunction refers to other metabolic or genetic abnormalities that impair the ability of mitochondria to produce ATP. For example, metabolites produced by toxic substances (for example, environmental toxicants) or by the dysfunction of other metabolic systems that are not specifically involved in producing ATP (for example, increased oxidative stress because of dysfunctional antioxidant pathways) can interfere with the ability of mitochondria to make ATP and lead to secondary mitochondrial dysfunction. Other reported causes of secondary mitochondrial dysfunction include: certain medications;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib29" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;29&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib59" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;59&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib60" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;60&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;enteric short chain fatty acids, such as propionic acid;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib61" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;61&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib62" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;62&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib63" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;63&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib64" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;64&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib65" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;65&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;elevated concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;α&lt;/span&gt;;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib66" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;66&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib67" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;67&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib68" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;68&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;cerebral folate deficiency;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib69" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;69&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib70" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;70&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;malnutrition;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib71" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;71&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;heme, vitamin B6, or iron deficiencies;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib72" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;72&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;elevated NO;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib73" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;73&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib74" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;74&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib75" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;75&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;GSH deficiency;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib73" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;73&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;oxidative stress;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib36" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;36&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;or exposure to environmental toxicants, such as heavy metals,&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib76" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;76&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib77" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;77&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib78" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;78&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib79" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;79&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;chemicals,&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib80" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;80&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;polychlorinated biphenyls&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib81" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;81&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;or pesticides.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib82" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;82&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib83" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;83&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Some individuals have findings consistent with MD but do not have an identifiable genetic defect and&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;or do not meet full criteria for definite or probable MD. It is possible that these individuals have secondary mitochondrial dysfunction&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib9" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib25" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib84" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;84&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib85" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;85&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;or may have an as yet unidentified genetic abnormality. In this review article, we collate evidence of both primary and secondary mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="Materials-and-methods" style="padding-bottom: 1.5em;"&gt;&lt;a class="backtotop" href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#top" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/arrow_white_up.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0.6em; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: white; float: right; font-size: 10px; margin-left: 7px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 5px; padding-left: 10px;"&gt;Top&lt;span class="hidden" style="height: 1px; left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; top: -500px; width: 1px;"&gt;of page&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #b72026; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: white; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 3px;"&gt;Materials and methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4 class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em;"&gt;Search strategy&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="follows-h4" style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;A prospective protocol for this systematic review was developed&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;a priori&lt;/i&gt;, and the search terms and selection criteria were chosen in an attempt to capture all pertinent publications. A computer-aided search of PUBMED, Google Scholar, CINAHL, EmBase, Scopus and ERIC databases from inception through August 2010 was conducted to identify pertinent publications using the search terms ‘autism’, ‘autistic’, ‘Asperger’, ‘ASD’, ‘pervasive’, and ‘pervasive developmental disorder’ in all combinations with the terms ‘mitochondria’ OR ‘mitochondrial’ OR ‘lactic’ OR ‘lactate’ OR ‘pyruvate’ OR ‘pyruvic’ OR ‘ammonia’ OR ‘creatine kinase’ OR ‘oxidative phosphorylation’ OR ‘phosphorylation’ OR ‘carnitine’ OR ‘acyl-carnitine’ OR ‘fatty acid oxidation’ OR ‘alanine’ OR ‘respiratory chain’ OR ‘electron transport chain’ OR ‘energy’ OR ‘ATP’ OR ‘adenosine.’ The references cited in identified publications were also searched to locate additional studies.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#fig2" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;Figure 2&lt;/a&gt;depicts the publications identified during the search process.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="norm" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="figure-table" id="fig2" style="background-color: #eaeaea; margin-top: 2em; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 10px;"&gt;&lt;h5 class="norm" style="display: inline; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 10px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/fig_tab/mp2010136f2.html#figure-title" style="color: #3366cc; display: block; float: none;"&gt;Figure 2.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/fig_tab/mp2010136f2.html#figure-title" style="color: #3366cc; float: left;"&gt;&lt;img alt="Figure 2 - Unfortunately we are unable to provide accessible alternative text for this. If you require assistance to access this image, please contact help@nature.com or the author" class="thumb" src="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/thumbs/mp2010136f2th.gif" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px;" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style="font-size: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 160px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px;"&gt;Study flow chart. Abbreviation: ASD, autism spectrum disorder.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a class="full" href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/fig_tab/mp2010136f2.html#figure-title" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/full_figure.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366cc; display: block; float: none; font-size: 10px; margin-left: 160px; margin-top: 10px; padding-left: 25px;"&gt;Full figure and legend (50&lt;abbr title="Kilobyte"&gt;K&lt;/abbr&gt;)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a class="ppt" href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/slides/mp2010136-pf2.ppt" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/ppt.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366cc; display: block; float: none; font-size: 10px; margin-left: 160px; margin-top: 10px; padding-left: 25px;"&gt;Download Power&lt;span class="hidden" style="height: 1px; left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; top: -500px; width: 1px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Point slide (286&amp;nbsp;&lt;abbr title="Kilobyte"&gt;KB&lt;/abbr&gt;)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="cleardiv" style="clear: both; padding-bottom: 1.5em; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br class="clear" style="clear: both;" /&gt;&lt;h4 class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em;"&gt;Study selection&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="follows-h4" style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;One reviewer screened titles and abstracts of all potentially relevant publications. Studies were initially included if they (1) involved individuals with ASD, and (2) reported at least one finding that could indicate mitochondrial dysfunction. We also included animal models of ASD with abnormal energy pathways. Abstracts or posters from conference proceedings were included if published in a peer-reviewed journal. After screening all records, 98 publications met inclusion criteria; both reviewers then independently reviewed these articles. Articles were excluded if they:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul class="disc" style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;Did not involve animals or humans or human cells (for example, cellular models).&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Did not present new or unique data (such as, review articles or letters to the editor).&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Presented duplicate data.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib51" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;51&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib86" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;86&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib87" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;87&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Reported biochemical markers related to a non-mitochondrial disorder&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib88" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;88&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib89" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;89&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib90" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;90&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib91" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;91&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;or cellular mechanism.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib92" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;92&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib93" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;93&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Reported markers related to a known side effect of a medication (for example, elevated ammonia from valproic acid or rhabdomyolysis from olanzapine).&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib94" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;94&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib95" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;95&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Involved only Rett syndrome or childhood disintegrative disorder.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em;"&gt;A total of 68 publications,&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib5" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib23" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;23&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib25" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib28" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;28&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib35" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;35&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib48" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;48&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib49" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;49&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib58" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;58&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib61" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;61&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib62" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;62&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib64" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;64&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib65" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;65&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib85" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;85&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib96" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;96&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib97" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;97&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib98" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;98&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib99" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;99&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib100" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;100&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib101" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;101&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib102" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;102&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib103" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;103&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib104" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;104&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib105" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;105&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib106" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;106&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib107" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;107&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib108" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;108&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib109" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;109&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib110" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;110&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib111" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;111&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib112" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;112&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib113" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;113&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib114" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;114&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib115" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;115&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib116" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;116&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib117" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;117&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib118" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;118&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib119" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;119&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib120" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;120&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib121" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;121&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib122" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;122&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib123" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;123&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib124" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;124&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib125" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;125&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib126" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;126&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib127" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;127&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib128" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;128&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib129" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;129&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib130" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;130&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib131" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;131&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib132" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;132&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib133" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;133&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib134" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;134&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib135" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;135&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib136" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;136&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib137" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;137&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib138" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;138&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib139" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;139&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib140" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;140&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib141" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;141&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib142" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;142&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib143" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;143&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib144" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;144&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib145" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;145&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib146" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;146&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib147" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;147&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib148" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;148&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib149" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;149&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib150" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;150&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;describing 65 unique studies, met inclusion and exclusion criteria (see&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#fig2" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;Figure 2&lt;/a&gt;), including three sets of publications (6 publications total) that studied the same population but provided slightly different information.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib28" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;28&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib119" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;119&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib120" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;120&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib132" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;132&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib133" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;133&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib144" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;144&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em;"&gt;Clinical characteristics in children with ASD compared with controls&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="follows-h4" style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;We reviewed all studies that included children with ASD and presented biochemical markers that could indicate mitochondrial dysfunction. A meta-analysis was performed based on the information derived from these studies. There are two types of measures derived from the studies reviewed: prevalence values, and comparisons of biomarker values between ASD and control groups. A mean prevalence value was computed by dividing the number of participants with abnormal values for all studies by the number of participants evaluated for all studies. A 95&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;confidence interval (CI) was then calculated assuming a Bernoulli distribution.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib151" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;151&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Several statistics were computed for the comparisons of continuous biomarker values between the ASD and control groups: (a) means and variances were computed for both groups; (b) the variances of the two groups were compared using an F-ratio; (c) two different methods were used to calculate the effect size; and (d) the homogeneity statistic&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Q&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;was calculated for each effect size. Calculating effect size from populations that have different variability can be problematic. Therefore, we formally compared the variability in the ASD and control groups using an F-ratio. Two approaches are used to calculate the effect size for populations with different variability. Glass&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib152" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;152&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;introduced the Glass's Δ, which is based only on the control s.d. Others have suggested that a statistic, such as the Hedge's&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;g&lt;/i&gt;, which uses the average sample s.d., is a truer representation of the effect size.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib153" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;153&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Thus, we calculated both Glass's Δ and Hedge's&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;g&lt;/i&gt;. In addition, we calculated the homogeneity statistic&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Q&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;in order to test whether or not the effect sizes are estimated from the same population means across studies.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib154" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;154&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="norm" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em;"&gt;Clinical characteristics in children with ASD and MD compared with controls&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="follows-h4" style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;We also reviewed all studies that reported individuals with ASD and a concomitant diagnosis of MD or mitochondrial dysfunction (ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD). All of these studies described young children and adolescents, with the oldest being 20 years old. Since these studies spanned the entire childhood population, we refer to this population as children. One case series reported that the clinical characteristics of children with ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD are atypical of the general ASD population.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib25" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;However, that study&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib25" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;did not quantitatively compare the characteristics of these two groups. Therefore, we directly compared the prevalence of characteristics of these two groups to determine if, in fact, there are differences in the characteristics of ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD as compared with the general ASD population, and, if so, which characteristics distinguish these two groups. In order to perform this analysis, we calculated the prevalence of commonly reported clinical characteristics compiled from the studies of children with ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD as well as biochemical and genetic markers of mitochondrial dysfunction (see Table 3 and Supplementary Table S1). We identified a total of 11 commonly reported clinical characteristics of mitochondrial dysfunction (ataxia, cardiomyopathy, fatigue&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;lethargy, GI abnormalities, growth delay, hypotonia, male-to-female ratio, motor delay, myopathy, regression and seizures). We then compared the prevalence of these 11 characteristics and abnormal biomarker values for children with ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD to two control groups: (a) the general population of children with ASD, and (b) the general population of children with MD. In order to determine the prevalence of these 11 clinical characteristics of mitochondrial dysfunction in the general population of children with ASD, we performed a literature search for these characteristics in ASD. The results of this search are found in the Supplementary Table S2. In order to minimize bias, we only included studies that had large sample sizes (96–987 children per study; mean 359 children; total of 2870 children), were published in high impact journals, and were either epidemiology&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;population-based&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;longitudinal studies&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib155" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;155&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib156" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;156&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib157" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;157&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib158" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;158&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib159" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;159&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib160" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;160&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;or large studies performed in academic settings.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib161" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;161&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib162" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;162&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;The prevalence of certain clinical characteristics uncommon in the general ASD population, such as ataxia, cardiomyopathy, fatigue&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;lethargy, growth delay and myopathy could not be calculated for this group because adequate studies reporting these characteristics could not be identified. For the prevalence of abnormal mitochondrial biochemical markers in the general ASD population, we used the prevalence results generated from our meta-analysis (as listed in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#tbl1" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;Table 1&lt;/a&gt;) for comparison. In order to determine the prevalence of clinical characteristics and biomarkers of mitochondrial dysfunction in the general population of children with MD, we performed a literature search for the above 11 clinical characteristics as well as the biomarkers listed in Table 3. The results of this search are found in the Supplementary Table S3. To minimize bias, we only included studies of MD that had large sample sizes (25–133 children per study; mean 61 children; total of 428 children; one study&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib50" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;50&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;included 4 adults), were published in high impact journals, and were either population-based&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib163" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;163&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;or from large academic&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;referral centers.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib48" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;48&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib50" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;50&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib51" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;51&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib58" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;58&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib164" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;164&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib165" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;165&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib166" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;166&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Chi-square analysis was used to compare the prevalence rates between children with ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD and the prevalence rates in the two comparison groups. We calculated the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;χ&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;using the observed frequencies of the ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD group and calculated the expected frequencies using the prevalence rates in the comparison group. Since we conducted 31 statistical tests, we controlled for inflated alpha using the Bonferroni correction. Thus, the statistical threshold was set at an alpha of 0.002 (0.05&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;31).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="norm" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="figure-table" id="tbl1" style="background-color: #eaeaea; margin-top: 2em; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 10px;"&gt;&lt;h5 class="norm" style="display: inline; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 10px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/fig_tab/mp2010136t1.html#figure-title" style="color: #3366cc; display: block; float: none;"&gt;Table 1 - Pooled prevalence estimates for MD in ASD and for abnormal biomarkers of mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/fig_tab/mp2010136t1.html#figure-title" style="color: #3366cc; float: left;"&gt;&lt;img alt="Table 1 - Pooled prevalence estimates for MD in ASD and for abnormal biomarkers of mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD - Unfortunately we are unable to provide accessible alternative text for this. If you require assistance to access this image, please contact help@nature.com or the author" class="thumb" src="http://www.nature.com/common/images/table_thumb.gif" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px;" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a class="full" href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/fig_tab/mp2010136t1.html#figure-title" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/full_figure.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366cc; display: block; float: none; font-size: 10px; margin-left: 160px; margin-top: 10px; padding-left: 25px;"&gt;Full table&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="cleardiv" style="clear: both; padding-bottom: 1.5em; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="Results" style="padding-bottom: 1.5em;"&gt;&lt;a class="backtotop" href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#top" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/arrow_white_up.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0.6em; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: white; float: right; font-size: 10px; margin-left: 7px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 5px; padding-left: 10px;"&gt;Top&lt;span class="hidden" style="height: 1px; left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; top: -500px; width: 1px;"&gt;of page&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #b72026; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: white; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 3px;"&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em;"&gt;The selected studies that reported clinical characteristics and biomarkers of mitochondrial dysfunction can be primarily separated into two groups: studies of the general ASD population, and studies of children with ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD. In addition, two studies reported ASD or features of ASD in children with MD,&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib48" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;48&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib58" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;58&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;and two studies&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib105" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;105&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib112" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;112&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;examined correlations between biomarkers of mitochondrial dysfunction and the severity of ASD symptoms. Several animal models of ASD reported abnormalities in energy metabolism. Finally, some studies reported specific treatments for mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD. These studies will be discussed in subsections I through VI separately.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;I. Studies examining the general ASD population&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="follows-h4" style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#tbl1" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;Table 1&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;outlines the prevalence estimates of MD and abnormal mitochondrial biomarkers in the general ASD population, while&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#tbl2" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;Table 2&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;outlines the mean differences in mitochondrial biomarker values and associated statistics in children with ASD as compared with controls. The studies reviewed and selected for individual biomarker calculations are outlined in the Supplementary Table S4.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="norm" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="figure-table" id="tbl2" style="background-color: #eaeaea; margin-top: 2em; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 10px;"&gt;&lt;h5 class="norm" style="display: inline; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 10px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/fig_tab/mp2010136t2.html#figure-title" style="color: #3366cc; display: block; float: none;"&gt;Table 2 - Pooled statistics and meta-analysis of group differences for mitochondrial biomarkers in ASD compared with controls.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/fig_tab/mp2010136t2.html#figure-title" style="color: #3366cc; float: left;"&gt;&lt;img alt="Table 2 - Pooled statistics and meta-analysis of group differences for mitochondrial biomarkers in ASD compared with controls - Unfortunately we are unable to provide accessible alternative text for this. If you require assistance to access this image, please contact help@nature.com or the author" class="thumb" src="http://www.nature.com/common/images/table_thumb.gif" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px;" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a class="full" href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/fig_tab/mp2010136t2.html#figure-title" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/full_figure.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366cc; display: block; float: none; font-size: 10px; margin-left: 160px; margin-top: 10px; padding-left: 25px;"&gt;Full table&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="cleardiv" style="clear: both; padding-bottom: 1.5em; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br class="clear" style="clear: both;" /&gt;&lt;h5 class="norm" style="display: inline; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Prevalence of MD in ASD&lt;/h5&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;div class="follows-h5" style="display: inline; font-size: 13px;"&gt;Three studies examined the prevalence of MD in ASD. Two were large prospective studies&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib115" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;115&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib132" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;132&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;that examined the prevalence of MD using criteria as outlined by Bernier&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib55" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;55&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;and used an elevated plasma lactate to select children to undergo further workup for MD (a muscle biopsy). In these two studies, MD was diagnosed in 19&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib115" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;115&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;to 43&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib132" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;132&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;of ASD children with an elevated lactate; however, only 56&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib115" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;115&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;to 79&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib132" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;132&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;of children with an elevated lactate underwent a clinical workup for MD. The third study was a retrospective case series that examined 4194 individuals suspected of having mitochondrial dysfunction; 276 were reported to have autistic features and 14 of these had MD&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib145" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;145&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;using the modified Walker criteria outlined by Morava&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib54" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;54&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;From these three studies, meta-analysis (&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#tbl1" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;Table 1&lt;/a&gt;) demonstrated the overall prevalence of MD in ASD was 5.0&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;(95&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;CI 3.2, 6.9&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;). However, it is likely that the prevalence of MD is underestimated by these three studies because: (a) individuals with a normal lactate did not undergo a thorough evaluation for MD even though normal lactate levels are found in some children with ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib25" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib49" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;49&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib143" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;143&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib147" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;147&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib150" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;150&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;(b) lactate alone was used in two studies&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib115" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;115&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib132" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;132&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;to screen for MD, whereas additional biochemical markers could have been used; and (c) children with known medical disorders, such as septo-optic dysplasia, which could be related to mitochondrial dysfunction,&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib167" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;167&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;were excluded from testing for MD.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib132" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;132&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;One study was particularly robust as it was population based and examined the prevalence of MD in children with ASD identified from a population of 67&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;795 children.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib132" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;132&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib133" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;133&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="norm" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h5 class="norm" style="display: inline; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Prevalence of abnormal biochemical markers of mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD&lt;/h5&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;div class="follows-h5" style="display: inline; font-size: 13px;"&gt;We reviewed studies that examined the prevalence of abnormalities in biochemical markers, which could indicate mitochondrial dysfunction (&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#tbl1" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;Table 1&lt;/a&gt;). Studies that used unusual methodology could not be included in the analysis: one study examined the prevalence of abnormalities in a combination of biomarkers rather than just one biomarker;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib23" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;23&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;another study examined the prevalence of high (alanine and ammonia) and low (free and total carnitine) biomarker values with respect to the normal mean laboratory values instead of the upper or lower limit of normal;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib141" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;141&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;and one study reported the prevalence of an elevated lactate-to-pyruvate ratio only in a subgroup of ASD children with elevated lactate.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib132" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;132&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em;"&gt;Six studies&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib107" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;107&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib112" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;112&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib115" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;115&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib116" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;116&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib132" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;132&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib136" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;136&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;examining the prevalence of elevated lactate, two studies&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib116" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;116&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib136" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;136&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;examining the prevalence of elevated pyruvate, one study reporting the prevalence of lactate-to-pyruvate ratio elevation,&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib115" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;115&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;and another study reporting the prevalence of elevated alanine&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib104" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;104&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;in the general population of ASD were included in the meta-analysis. Almost one-third of children with ASD had elevations in lactate and&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;or the lactate-to-pyruvate ratio, while the prevalence of pyruvate and alanine elevation was lower. The prevalence of lactate elevation varied widely from study to study. The reason for this is not clear; however, variations in blood collection technique are well known to cause differences in lactate values. Unfortunately, many of the studies that examined lactate, pyruvate or the lactate-to-pyruvate ratio did not report the technique used to collect blood (for example, fasting vs non-fasting, tourniquet vs no tourniquet). Presumably, within each study, the blood collection technique was consistent, although failure to maintain such consistency could result in an additional source of variation in these measurements.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em;"&gt;Indirect biochemical markers of mitochondrial dysfunction also appear to be abnormal in the general ASD population with a much higher prevalence than the aforementioned direct biomarkers (see&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#tbl1" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;Table 1&lt;/a&gt;). The prevalence of low total carnitine&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib112" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;112&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;and elevated ammonia&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib116" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;116&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;were examined in one study each. Only one study&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib85" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;85&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;looked at the prevalence of CK, AST and ALT elevation, with the prevalence of AST elevation being significantly higher as compared with a control group (children with other neurological disorders but not ASD). As these indirect markers are more nonspecific than direct markers of mitochondrial dysfunction, they could be abnormal because of other problems.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h5 class="norm" style="display: inline; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Values of abnormal biochemical markers of mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD&lt;/h5&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;div class="follows-h5" style="display: inline; font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#tbl2" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;Table 2&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;outlines the mean values (with CIs) of biochemical markers of mitochondrial dysfunction, along with meta-analysis statistics, for ASD and control groups. Five studies&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib107" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;107&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib108" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;108&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib112" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;112&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib127" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;127&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib131" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;131&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;reported lactate values; one study reported pyruvate values;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib107" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;107&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;one study reported carnitine values;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib112" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;112&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;and one study examined ubiquinone concentrations.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib110" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;110&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Of note, one study examined the correlation between carnitine and lactate levels.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib112" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;112&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Additionally, one study reported AST and ALT values,&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib85" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;85&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;and two studies reported CK values.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib106" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;106&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib127" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;127&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;Some studies could not be included in the analysis because of limitations. For example, one study reported significantly higher mean plasma alanine and lysine in children with ASD compared with controls,&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib109" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;109&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;and another compared urinary alanine&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib103" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;103&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;between ASD and control groups. However, both of these studies&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib103" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;103&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib109" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;109&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;only provided the information graphically. Another study reported a significantly lower mean lysine in a subgroup of children with ASD on a restricted diet, but not in those on an unrestricted diet, compared with controls; this study also reported elevated alanine prevalence but not alanine values.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib104" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;104&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;One study reported significantly increased mean alanine transport in fibroblasts from ASD children compared with controls but did not report alanine values.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib118" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;118&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Finally, a longitudinal study reported abnormal elevations in polyunsaturated long chain fatty acids and&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;or saturated very long chain fatty acid-containing ethanolamine phospholipids in children with ASD compared with controls.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib130" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;130&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Although the investigators in this latter study postulated that one mechanism that could account for these elevations was mitochondrial dysfunction,&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib130" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;130&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;these abnormalities are not commonly accepted biochemical markers of mitochondrial dysfunction.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em;"&gt;Population variability, as indexed by the F-value, was significantly greater in the ASD group as compared with the control group for all biochemical markers of mitochondrial dysfunction except ubiquinone, with the difference particularly marked for pyruvate. This is consistent with the notion that a subgroup of ASD children has abnormal mitochondrial biomarker values or that the range of biochemical marker values of mitochondrial dysfunction is much larger for the ASD population in general, suggesting that children with ASD might have a spectrum of mitochondrial dysfunction.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em;"&gt;The effect sizes calculated using either the Hedge's&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;g&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;or Glass's Δ methods were large and statistically significant for lactate (1.9-fold higher in ASD), pyruvate (2.0-fold higher in ASD), carnitine (1.7-fold lower in ASD) and ubiquinone (1.6-fold lower in ASD) but not for CK, AST or ALT.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Q&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;was statistically significant for the lactate Glass's Δ effect size indicating that the effect size significantly varied across studies. Individual Glass's Δ effect sizes for lactate were statistically significant for each study and varied from a minimum of 1.56&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib127" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;127&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;to a maximum of 6.41.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib107" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;107&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Although the effect sizes for lactate varied across studies, even the smallest effect size was quite robust. Interestingly, one study reported a significant inverse correlation between carnitine and lactate levels.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib112" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;112&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h5 class="norm" style="display: inline; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Prevalence of mtDNA abnormalities in ASD&lt;/h5&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;div class="follows-h5" style="display: inline; font-size: 13px;"&gt;In one study, mtDNA deletions of varying length (9.7–13.7&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;kb) were found in 8 of 12 (67&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;) children with ASD, but the specific genes affected were not reported.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib146" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;146&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;However, when specific mtDNA mutations have been investigated in the general ASD population, very few individuals with mutations have been found. For example, one study of 810 individuals with ASD that searched for mtDNA mutations (A3243A&amp;gt;G, T8993T&amp;gt;G, T8993T&amp;gt;C and A8344A&amp;gt;G) only identified two individuals (0.2&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;) with a mutation affecting tRNA (A3243A&amp;gt;G).&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib135" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;135&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Another study of 129 individuals with Asperger syndrome and 138 mothers of individuals with Asperger syndrome searched for the A3243A&amp;gt;G mutation, but no such mutation was found.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib134" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;134&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Finally, in a study of 162 individuals with ASD, no significant association was observed between mtDNA haplogroup and ASD as compared with a control population.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib121" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;121&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="norm" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h5 class="norm" style="display: inline; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Prevalence of nDNA abnormalities in ASD&lt;/h5&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;div class="follows-h5" style="display: inline; font-size: 13px;"&gt;Three nDNA genes associated with mitochondrial function have been studied in the general ASD population. Two studies examined the inner mitochondrial membrane peptidase 2-like gene,&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib5" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib102" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;102&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;while 11 studies examined gene expression and&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;or single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;SLC25A12&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;gene that codes for the calcium-dependent mitochondrial aspartate&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;glutamate carrier (AGC) isoform 1.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib101" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;101&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib111" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;111&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib113" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;113&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib114" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;114&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib115" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;115&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib117" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;117&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib122" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;122&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib124" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;124&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib125" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;125&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib126" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;126&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib129" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;129&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;The evidence for an association with either of these genes was mixed and thus inconclusive, possibly due to clinical and genetic heterogeneity between studies and small sample sizes.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib129" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;129&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Additionally, one study reported that several single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the microtubule affinity-regulating kinase 1 gene, a gene associated with mitochondrial trafficking, were associated with ASD, and microtubule affinity-regulating kinase 1 overexpression was demonstrated in postmortem frontal cortex samples in individuals with ASD as compared with healthy controls.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib123" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;123&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;However, this association has yet to be confirmed by additional studies. Thus, to date, no conclusive association between ASD and an nDNA gene associated with mitochondrial function has been found.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="norm" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h5 class="norm" style="display: inline; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;"&gt;mRNA expression in ASD&lt;/h5&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;div class="follows-h5" style="display: inline; font-size: 13px;"&gt;One recent study found normal mRNA expression of the mitochondrial complex I 75-kDa subunit in the general ASD population.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib100" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;100&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="norm" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h5 class="norm" style="display: inline; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;"&gt;In vitro studies of mitochondrial function and mitochondrial oxidative stress in ASD&lt;/h5&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;div class="follows-h5" style="display: inline; font-size: 13px;"&gt;Three controlled studies compared&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;mitochondrial function in lymphoblasts obtained from the Autism Genetic Resource Exchange between individuals with ASD and control individuals. In the first study, the ASD group demonstrated depressed complex I function, normal complex II activity and borderline elevated complex IV activity compared with controls. In addition, a higher mitochondrial maximal respiratory rate was found in the ASD group and believed to be a compensatory response to the depression in complex I function.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib119" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;119&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib120" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;120&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;In another lymphoblast study, the mean baseline ATP concentration in the ASD group was equivalent to controls, but exposure to physiological concentrations of NO reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential in the ASD lymphoblasts more than in the control lymphoblasts.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib35" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;35&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;Finally, one study reported a reduced mitochondrial membrane potential in ASD mitochondria compared with controls.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib128" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;128&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;These studies support the notion that some individuals with ASD manifest mitochondrial dysfunction and compensatory mechanisms for such dysfunction.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em;"&gt;Two studies using Autism Genetic Resource Exchange samples measured markers of mitochondrial oxidative stress&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;between individuals with ASD and control individuals. In one study, higher concentrations of ROS and reactive nitrogen species were found in ASD mitochondria compared with controls, consistent with increased generation of mitochondrial free radicals.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib128" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;128&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;In the second study, a lower mean concentration of mitochondrial reduced GSH was found in ASD lymphoblasts compared with controls, consistent with a lower mitochondrial GSH reserve. Additionally, exposure to ethylmercury (thimerosal) led to a larger increase in the generation of free radicals and a greater reduction in the ratio of reduced GSH to the oxidized disulfide form of glutathione (GSSG) in the ASD cells compared with control cells.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib35" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;35&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;These studies suggest that some individuals with ASD manifest increased oxidative stress that may originate from mitochondrial dysfunction.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h5 class="norm" style="display: inline; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Neuroimaging in ASD&lt;/h5&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;div class="follows-h5" style="display: inline; font-size: 13px;"&gt;In some individuals with ASD, metabolites relating to brain bioenergetics have been measured non-invasively using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. One small magnetic resonance spectroscopy study demonstrated significantly decreased levels of phosphocreatine and esterified end products (&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;α&lt;/span&gt;ATP,&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;α&lt;/span&gt;-adenosine diphosphate, dinucleotides and diphosphosugars) in the brains of ASD individuals compared with controls.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib105" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;105&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;Another magnetic resonance spectroscopy study measured&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;N&lt;/i&gt;-acetyl-aspartate and lactate levels in the frontal lobe, temporal lobe and the cerebellum, and found significantly lower&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;N&lt;/i&gt;-acetyl-aspartate levels in the cerebellum of ASD children compared with controls as well as elevated lactate in the frontal lobe of one child with ASD.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib108" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;108&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;A reduced concentration of brain&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;N&lt;/i&gt;-acetyl-aspartate may be a marker of mitochondrial dysfunction,&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib168" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;168&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;although this is an area of debate.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib169" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;169&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;However, changes in the other metabolites appear consistent with abnormal brain bioenergetics.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="norm" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h5 class="norm" style="display: inline; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Brain pathology in ASD&lt;/h5&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;div class="follows-h5" style="display: inline; font-size: 13px;"&gt;In one small controlled study, post-mortem brain oxidized (carbonylated) mitochondrial protein content was nonsignificantly (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;0.12) elevated by threefold in the ASD group compared with controls with four of six (67&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;) ASD brains demonstrating large elevations.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib101" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;101&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="norm" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;II. Studies examining children with ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="follows-h4" style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Eighteen studies reported a total of 112 children (up to 20 years of age) with mitochondrial dysfunction or MD and concomitant ASD (ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD).&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib25" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib28" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;28&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib48" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;48&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib49" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;49&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib58" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;58&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib85" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;85&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib99" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;99&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib115" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;115&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib132" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;132&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib133" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;133&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib136" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;136&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib139" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;139&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib140" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;140&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib142" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;142&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib143" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;143&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib144" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;144&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib145" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;145&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib147" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;147&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib149" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;149&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib150" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;150&lt;/a&gt;Many (11 of 18, 61&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;) of these studies did not specify the diagnostic criteria used.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib28" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;28&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib58" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;58&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib85" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;85&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib99" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;99&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib136" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;136&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib139" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;139&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib140" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;140&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib142" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;142&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib143" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;143&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib147" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;147&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib149" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;149&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Only 8 of 18 (44&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;) studies examined family history of MD with 3 of 8 studies (37.5&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;) noting a positive family history. Three additional studies&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib137" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;137&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib138" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;138&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib148" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;148&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;that did not demonstrate sufficient evidence to confirm mitochondrial dysfunction or MD were not included in the analysis: one study demonstrated elevations in several acyl-carnitines in a child&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib148" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;148&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;consistent with a fatty acid oxidation defect; another reported reduced free carnitine and a mild ammonia elevation in two children;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib138" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;138&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;while the final study described elevated urinary TCA cycle metabolites in two children.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib137" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;137&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;Another study reported elevated lactate, pyruvate or alanine in 13 of 28 children with ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD but did not report a prevalence for each biomarker, and therefore the prevalence of these markers could not be calculated nor included in the analysis.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib49" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;49&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Finally, one study reported the prevalence of seven abnormal mitochondrial histological findings, but it was unclear from the study how many children had more than one abnormal finding, and therefore the prevalence of each finding could not be calculated nor included in the analysis.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib25" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em;"&gt;Clinical characteristics as well as the biochemical and genetic markers of mitochondrial dysfunction reported in these 112 children with ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD are found in the Supplementary Table S1. Interestingly, 103 (92&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;) children were first diagnosed with ASD before MD, 2 (2&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;) were diagnosed first with MD before ASD,&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib140" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;140&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib143" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;143&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;while in 7 (6&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;) it was unclear which diagnosis was made first.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib48" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;48&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib58" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;58&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib136" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;136&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib142" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;142&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Several features of MD were not reported with enough frequency to calculate the prevalence of such features in children with ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD. These features included sleep abnormalities,&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib85" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;85&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;ammonia elevations,&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib140" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;140&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;carnitine abnormalities,&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib140" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;140&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;elevated alanine-to-lysine ratio&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib85" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;85&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;and nDNA or chromosomal abnormalities.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib140" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;140&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib150" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;150&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;The prevalence of the clinical characteristics and biomarkers of mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD are provided in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#tbl3" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;Table 3&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#tbl3" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;Table 3&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;also presents prevalence estimates derived from the selected comparison papers (reviewed in Materials and Methods section) and statistically compares children with ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD with the general population of ASD children and the general population of children with MD. The prevalence of abnormal organic acids and elevated alanine was relatively high in ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD, but adequate studies reporting these markers could not be identified in the general population of MD in order to compare these markers.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="figure-table" id="tbl3" style="background-color: #eaeaea; margin-top: 2em; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 10px;"&gt;&lt;h5 class="norm" style="display: inline; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 10px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/fig_tab/mp2010136t3.html#figure-title" style="color: #3366cc; display: block; float: none;"&gt;Table 3 - Prevalence of clinical characteristics and mitochondrial biomarkers in children with ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD with comparison with the general ASD and MD populations.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/fig_tab/mp2010136t3.html#figure-title" style="color: #3366cc; float: left;"&gt;&lt;img alt="Table 3 - Prevalence of clinical characteristics and mitochondrial biomarkers in children with ASD/MD with comparison with the general ASD and MD populations - Unfortunately we are unable to provide accessible alternative text for this. If you require assistance to access this image, please contact help@nature.com or the author" class="thumb" src="http://www.nature.com/common/images/table_thumb.gif" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px;" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a class="full" href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/fig_tab/mp2010136t3.html#figure-title" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/full_figure.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366cc; display: block; float: none; font-size: 10px; margin-left: 160px; margin-top: 10px; padding-left: 25px;"&gt;Full table (261K)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="cleardiv" style="clear: both; padding-bottom: 1.5em; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br class="clear" style="clear: both;" /&gt;&lt;h5 class="norm" style="display: inline; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Comparisons between children with ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD and the general ASD population&lt;/h5&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;div class="follows-h5" style="display: inline; font-size: 13px;"&gt;Children with ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD demonstrated some distinct characteristics as compared with the general population of children with ASD. Developmental regression, seizures, motor delay (such as, significantly delayed walking) and GI abnormalities (such as, reflux or constipation) were significantly more prevalent in children with ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD as compared with the general ASD population. It is notable that children with ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD demonstrated a relatively high prevalence of motor delay (51&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;), regression (52&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;), fatigue&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;lethargy (54&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;), ataxia (58&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;) and GI abnormalities (74&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;). Although motor delay was significantly more common in ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD, the prevalence of hypotonia was not significantly different between children with ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD and the general ASD population. Lactate and pyruvate, but not the lactate-to-pyruvate ratio or CK, were elevated with a significantly higher prevalence in children with ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD as compared with children in the general ASD population. Interestingly, the ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD population had a significantly more balanced male-to-female ratio than children from the general ASD population.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="norm" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h5 class="norm" style="display: inline; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Comparisons between children with ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD and the general MD population&lt;/h5&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;div class="follows-h5" style="display: inline; font-size: 13px;"&gt;The prevalence of male gender, developmental regression, seizures, hypotonia, cardiomyopathy and myopathy was not significantly different between MD groups with and without ASD. However, the prevalence of fatigue&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;lethargy, ataxia, GI abnormalities and elevated lactate was significantly higher in children with ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD as compared with the general population of MD. The prevalence of an abnormal brain imaging scan was significantly lower in children with ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD as compared with the general MD population.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em;"&gt;The prevalence of complex I, II, III, IV, V and multiple complex deficiencies was not significantly different between children with MD with and without ASD, nor was the prevalence of elevated citrate synthase or mtDNA abnormalities. However, the prevalence of abnormal histology on light microscopy was significantly more common in the general population of MD compared with ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD. The most common complex deficiency in children with ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD was in complex I (53&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;). Children with ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD were also significantly more likely to have normal ETC activity. Of note, complex V activity was only reported in five studies of ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD,&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib48" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;48&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib49" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;49&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib58" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;58&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib132" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;132&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib139" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;139&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;although it was abnormal in a relatively high percentage in some studies.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib132" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;132&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib139" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;139&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h5 class="norm" style="display: inline; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Mitochondrial histology and ultrastructural abnormalities in children with ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD&lt;/h5&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;div class="follows-h5" style="display: inline; font-size: 13px;"&gt;One case series reported several mitochondrial histological abnormalities, including variations in muscle fiber size, regenerating fibers, atrophic fibers, muscle inflammation, increased myofiber lipid content and reduced cytochrome oxidase staining.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib25" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Only three studies reported ‘ragged-red fibers’ in children with ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD,&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib25" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib99" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;99&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib139" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;139&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;which is not surprising as the presence of ragged-red fibers is an unusual finding in children, even in those with MD.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib30" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;30&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em;"&gt;The ultrastructural abnormality most commonly reported was mitochondrial proliferation.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib25" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib28" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;28&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib49" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;49&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib138" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;138&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib139" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;139&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib140" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;140&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib142" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;142&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib144" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;144&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Some studies described specific ultrastructural abnormalities, such as mitochondria with abnormal cristae,&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib139" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;139&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;inclusions,&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib139" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;139&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;and abnormally shaped and sized mitochondria.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib25" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib139" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;139&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib149" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;149&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;However, these features were not reported with enough frequency to calculate accurate prevalence values or to compare them with the general population of MD.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h5 class="norm" style="display: inline; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Genetic abnormalities in children with ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD&lt;/h5&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;div class="follows-h5" style="display: inline; font-size: 13px;"&gt;Only 24 of 112 (21&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;) children with ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD had an mtDNA, nDNA or chromosomal abnormality.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#tbl4" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;Table 4&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;reviews the mtDNA abnormalities reported in ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD, including mtDNA depletion, mutations and deletions. mtDNA abnormalities were tested in 87 of 112 (78&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;) children with ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD with 20 of 87 (23&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;) demonstrating an abnormality (see Supplementary Table S1). mtDNA depletion and deletions were reported in three&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib49" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;49&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib142" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;142&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib145" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;145&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;and five individuals with ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD,&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib139" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;139&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;respectively. Pathogenic mtDNA mutations were described in 12 children with ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib25" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib99" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;99&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib142" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;142&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib145" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;145&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib147" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;147&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;Interestingly, no abnormalities were found in the majority (77&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;) of children with ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD in which mtDNA was examined.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="figure-table" id="tbl4" style="background-color: #eaeaea; margin-top: 2em; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 10px;"&gt;&lt;h5 class="norm" style="display: inline; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 10px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/fig_tab/mp2010136t4.html#figure-title" style="color: #3366cc; display: block; float: none;"&gt;Table 4 - Number of cases of mtDNA abnormalities reported in the general population of children with ASD and in children with ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/fig_tab/mp2010136t4.html#figure-title" style="color: #3366cc; float: left;"&gt;&lt;img alt="Table 4 - Number of cases of mtDNA abnormalities reported in the general population of children with ASD and in children with ASD/MD - Unfortunately we are unable to provide accessible alternative text for this. If you require assistance to access this image, please contact help@nature.com or the author" class="thumb" src="http://www.nature.com/common/images/table_thumb.gif" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px;" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a class="full" href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/fig_tab/mp2010136t4.html#figure-title" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://www.nature.com/common/images/full_figure.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366cc; display: block; float: none; font-size: 10px; margin-left: 160px; margin-top: 10px; padding-left: 25px;"&gt;Full table&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="cleardiv" style="clear: both; padding-bottom: 1.5em; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br class="clear" style="clear: both;" /&gt;&lt;div class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em;"&gt;Additionally, one study reported an nDNA mutation (SCO2) in an individual with ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib145" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;145&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;This mutation could adversely affect the synthesis of cytochrome c oxidase.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib170" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;170&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Two chromosomal abnormalities were reported to be associated with ASD&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;MD: two children had an inverted duplication of 15q11–q13&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib140" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;140&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;, and one child had a deletion in 5q14.3.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib150" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;150&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;However, the relationship between these chromosomal abnormalities and ASD or mitochondrial dysfunction is unclear.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;III. Studies correlating biomarkers of mitochondrial dysfunction with ASD symptoms&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="follows-h4" style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;In one study of 11 individuals with ASD and 11 normal controls, abnormal levels of brain markers of mitochondrial function measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (including phosphocreatine,&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;α&lt;/span&gt;ATP,&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;α&lt;/span&gt;-adenosine diphosphate, dinucleotides and diphosphosugars) significantly correlated with the severity of language and neuropsychological deficits in the ASD group but not in the control group.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib105" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;105&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;In another study of 30 children with ASD, those with severe ASD (as measured by the Childhood Autism Rating Scale) had both significantly lower carnitine and higher lactate concentrations than those with mild or moderate ASD.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib112" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;112&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Additional studies are needed to evaluate these apparent correlations.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="norm" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;IV. Prevalence of ASD or autistic features in MD&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="follows-h4" style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Two retrospective case series of children with MD reported ASD or features of ASD in some of the children;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib48" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;48&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib58" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;58&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;one other case series presented duplicate data and was not included in the analysis.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib51" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;51&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;The overall prevalence of ASD or ASD features in children with MD was calculated to be 4.6&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;(95&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;CI 0.3, 8.9&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;%&lt;/span&gt;). However, since these studies were not population based, they may not accurately reflect the true prevalence of ASD in children with MD.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="norm" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;V. Animal models of ASD with abnormal function of the energy pathway&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="follows-h4" style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Several animal models of ASD exhibit mitochondrial dysfunction. For example, a recent rat model of ASD demonstrated that the administration of propionic acid, a fermentation end product of enteric bacteria, induced mitochondrial dysfunction and led to certain brain, behavioral and metabolic changes consistent with ASD, including features such as repetitive behaviors, social interaction problems, hyperactivity, oxidative stress, lowered GSH levels, microglial activation and altered carnitine levels.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib61" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;61&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib62" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;62&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib64" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;64&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib65" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;65&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;In a mouse model, mutations in the&lt;i&gt;SLC25A12&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;gene, a susceptibility gene for ASD, which codes for a mitochondrial AGC that is crucial for supporting oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production, resulted in neurofilamentous accumulations in neurons and myelination deficits. Interestingly, the myelin deficits could be reversed by the administration of pyruvate&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib97" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;97&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;The maternal ubiquitin protein ligase E3A deficiency mouse is a model of Angelman's syndrome, a syndrome that frequently includes ASD features. Recently, this mouse model was reported to have abnormal mitochondrial morphology and a partial oxidative phosphorylation defect in complex III in the hippocampal region.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib171" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;171&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;The MECP2-null mouse is a mouse model of Rett syndrome, a neurodegenerative disorder that includes ASD features. This mouse demonstrates decoupling of the respiratory complexes and overexpresses the nuclear gene for ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase core protein 1, a gene that codes for a subunit of ETC complex III.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib172" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;172&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Creatine helps to maintain adequate ATP levels in tissues with high energy requirements and a specific creatine transporter is required for the uptake of creatine by cells.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib173" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;173&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;A mouse model of a creatine transporter gene mutation (SLC6A8) reported seizure activity and autistic-like behavior.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib98" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;98&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Finally, a mouse model of neuronal glucose transporter isoform 3 deficiency demonstrated certain autistic characteristics including seizure activity, abnormal social behavior and stereotypies.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib96" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;96&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Glucose transporter isoform 3 mediates the uptake of glucose by neurons and impaired glucose transporter isoform 3 activity&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;has been associated with subsequent ATP depletion.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib174" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;174&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="norm" style="padding-bottom: 1em;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 class="norm" style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;VI. Treatment of mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="follows-h4" style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"&gt;Several studies suggested that nutritional supplements and&lt;span class="mb" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; display: inline !important; font-family: 'arial unicode ms', 'lucida grande', 'lucida sans unicode', sans-serif !important; font-size: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; visibility: visible !important;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;or antioxidants may be beneficial in some children with ASD who have MD or abnormal biomarkers of mitochondrial function. Carnitine was the most commonly noted supplement to be helpful.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib28" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;28&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib85" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;85&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib130" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;130&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib138" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;138&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib140" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;140&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib150" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;150&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;Along with carnitine, some investigators reported clinical improvements with co-enzyme Q10&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib85" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;85&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib143" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;143&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2010136a.html#bib150" style="color: #3366cc;"&gt;150&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/su
